Treatment strategies targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway against triple-negative breast cancer

Figure 1 Representation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin sequential signaling pathway in breast cancer. RTKs: Receptor tyrosine kinases; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIP: Piperine; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; PDK1: 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1; GSK-3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3; PRAS40: 40-kDa proline-rich protein kinase B substrate; FOXO1: Forkhead box O1; BAD: Bcl-2 agonist of cell death; MDM2: Murine double minute 2.

Figure 2 The key points discussed in this study. TNBC: Triple negative breast cancer; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; TYMS: Thymidylate synthase; GBP2: Guanylate-binding protein 2; ACTL8: Actin-like protein 8; OPN: Osteopontin; ROR2: Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2; Nrf3: Nuclear factor erythroid-2-like factor 3; QC: Quercetin; PAB: Pseudolaric acid B; Tan IIA: Tanshinone IIA; BJE: Brucea javanica seed; RTEs: Radix tetrastigma extracts; PIP: Piperine; BBM: Berbamine; HHT: Homoharringtonine.