Attack cancer: Through autophagic modulations as suppressor or promoter

Figure 1 Types of autophagy. Macroautophagy involves double membrane structure phagophore and then its expansion into the autophagosome. In microautophagy, change in shape of lysosome occurs. Chaperone-mediated autophagy, there is attachment of KFERQ to heat shock cognate 70 kDa and then followed by recognition via LAMP2 and finally degradation.

Figure 2 Dual roles of autophagy. HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine.

Figure 3 Induction of autophagy dependent on tumor microenvironment. TME: Tumor microenvironment; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblast.

Figure 4 Crosstalk between the canonical autophagy machinery and pro-tumorigenic signaling pathways.