Role of tumor markers and cytokines in the pathogenesis of lung cancer

doi:10.5306/wjco.121169

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World Journal of Clinical Oncology

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2218-4333

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Oncol. Jun 24, 2026; 17(6): 121169
Published online Jun 24, 2026. doi: 10.5306/wjco.121169

Role of tumor markers and cytokines in the pathogenesis of lung cancer

Maria Tariq, Aqsa Sattar, Amber Khalid, Minahil Azam, Mehak Mehmood, Ramsha Hafeez, Saira Rafaqat

Maria Tariq, Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan

Aqsa Sattar, Amber Khalid, Mehak Mehmood, Ramsha Hafeez, Saira Rafaqat, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan

Minahil Azam, Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 54000, Punjab, Pakistan

Author contributions: Tariq M, Sattar A, and Rafaqat S carried out the study design and data collection; Khalid A, Azam M, and Rafaqat S wrote the manuscript; Mehmood M, Hafeez R, and Rafaqat S provided the manuscript editing services; and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors have no conflict of interest related to the manuscript.

Corresponding author: Saira Rafaqat, PhD, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Near Wapda Flats, Jail Road, Jubilee Town, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan. saera.rafaqat@gmail.com

Received: March 18, 2026
Revised: April 8, 2026
Accepted: May 6, 2026
Published online: June 24, 2026
Processing time: 96 Days and 23.1 Hours

Core Tip

Core Tip: Numerous tumor markers and cytokines have been identified and investigated in relation to lung cancer development and progression. However, we focused on carcinoembryonic antigen, squamous cell carcinoma, cytokeratin 19 fragment, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and neuron-specific enolase in the pathogenesis of lung cancer.