Editorial
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. Aug 6, 2015; 6(3): 28-31
Published online Aug 6, 2015. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i3.28
Current position of vasoconstrictor and albumin infusion for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome
Abhasnee Sobhonslidsuk
Abhasnee Sobhonslidsuk, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Author contributions: Sobhonslidsuk A solely contributed to this paper.
Conflict-of-interest statement: Abhasnee Sobhonslidsuk hereby denied any conflict of interest with regard to the present paper.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Abhasnee Sobhonslidsuk, MD, Associate Professor, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama 6 road, Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. abhasnee.sob@mahidol.ac.th
Telephone: +66-02-2011304 Fax: +66-02-2011304
Received: March 30, 2015
Peer-review started: March 31, 2015
First decision: June 3, 2015
Revised: June 11, 2015
Accepted: July 21, 2015
Article in press: July 23, 2015
Published online: August 6, 2015
Processing time: 130 Days and 13.6 Hours
Abstract

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), refractory ascites, hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), hyponatremia and hepatic encephalopathy are complications which frequently happen during a clinical course of decompensated cirrhosis. Splanchnic and peripheral vasodilatation, increased intrarenal vasoconstriction and impaired cardiac responsive function are pathological changes causing systemic and hemodynamic derangement. Extreme renal vasoconstriction leads to severe reduction of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, which finally evolves into the clinical feature of HRS. Clinical manifestations of type 1 and type 2 HRS come to medical attention differently. Patients with type 1 HRS present as acute kidney injury whereas those with type 2 HRS will have refractory ascites as the leading problem. Prompt diagnosis of type 1 HRS can halt the progression of HRS to acute tubular necrosis if the combined treatment of albumin infusion and vasoconstrictors is started timely. HRS reversal was seen in 34%-60% of patients, followed with decreasing mortality. Baseline serum levels of creatinine less than 5 mg/dL, bilirubin less than 10 mg/dL, and increased mean arterial pressure of over 5 mmHg by day 3 of the combined treatment of vasoconstrictor and albumin are the predictors of good response. Type 1 HRS can be prevented in some conditions such as albumin infusion in SBP, prophylactic antibiotics for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, albumin replacement after large volume paracentesis in cirrhotic patients with massive ascites. The benefit of albumin infusion in infection with primary source other than SBP requires more studies.

Keywords: Albumin; Acute kidney injury; Hepatorenal syndrome; Cirrhosis; Vasoconstrictor

Core tip: Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), which presents as acute kidney injury, is an uncommon, but critical problem in decompensated cirrhosis. The most common precipitating factor is infection especially spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The combined regimen of albumin and vasoconstrictor is the pharmacotherapy of choice for type 1 HRS based on pathogenic mechanisms of peripheral and splanchnic vasodilatation. Prompt treatment with the combined regimen can lead to HRS reversal in 34%-60% of patients. Type 1 HRS can be prevented in cirrhotic complications such as albumin infusion for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, large volume paracentesis with albumin replacement, and prophylactic antibiotics for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.