Update on the pathogenesis and clinical management of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection and associated diseases

Table 1 Therapeutic regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection according to the Maastricht consensus and the American College of Gastroenterology

Regimen	Drugs	Dosage	Recomendations
PPI-clarithromycin triple therapy	Clarithromycin; Amoxicillin; Omeprazole	500 mg 12-hourly; 1 g 12-hourly; 20 mg 12-hourly	First line of treatment in situations of low local resistance to clarithromycin (< 15%); people without penicillin allergy; favorable individual susceptibility test for this regimen
Bismuth quadruple therapy	Metronidazole; Tetracycline; PPI; Bismuth subcitrate	500 mg 8-hourly; 500 mg 6-hourly; 120-300 mg	First line of treatment in situations of high local resistance to clarithromycin (> 15%); people with penicillin allergy; when the individual susceptibility testing isn’t available
Rifabutin triple therapy	Rifabutin; Amoxicillin; Omeprazole	50 mg 8-hourly; 1 g 8-hourly; 40 mg 8-hourly	Failure of other lines of treatment; recurrent Helicobacter pylori infections

PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.

Table 2 Helicobacter pylori vaccines currently in clinical trials - clinicalTrials.gov database

Vaccine classification	Intervention/treatment	ClinicalTrials.gov ID	Phase	Status	Sponsor
Therapeutic vaccines	Biological: CTA control/biological: IMX101 vaccine	NCT03270800	1	Completed	ImevaX
Prophylactic vaccines	Biological: H. pylori vacines/biological: Placebo Vaccine	NCT00736476	1	Completed	Novartis Vaccines
	Biological: H. pylori vaccine/biological: Placebo	NCT02302170	3	Completed	Jiangsu Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
	Biological: H. pylori vaccine/biological: Placebo	NCT00613665	1	Completed	Novartis Vaccines

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.