Pathophysiology of depression and anxiety in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Figure 1 Systemic inflammation and neuropsychiatric sequelae in metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease. IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease.

Figure 2 Hyperactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease: Metabolic and neuropsychiatric consequences. HPA: Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal; CRH: Corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease.

Figure 3 Gut–liver–brain axis examining the association between metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease and depression/anxiety. SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; BBB: Blood–brain barrier; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease.