Clinical significance of a possible route of transmission of Candida and Helicobacter pylori associations in gastroduodenal pathology

Abstract

Fungal and bacterial interactions are widespread in the environment. Such intra-abdominal co-infections may lead to sepsis, potentially resulting in significant mortality. Interactions between invasive fungi (Candida) and pathogenic bacteria [Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)] appear to be particularly relevant to human infection outcomes. Co-colonization by fungi and bacteria (coinfections) remains a pressing issue among patients with gastrointestinal pathology; however, the transmission routes and pathogenic mechanisms of these microbiome interactions are not yet fully understood. Candida species are known to support the growth of certain bacteria, and studies have observed a significant increase in the colony counts of these bacteria in the presence of fungi. As an opportunistic pathogen, Candida-in association with H. pylori-may contribute to dysbiosis of the oral microflora and other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, potentially facilitating disease progression. Therefore, understanding the interactions between fungi and bacteria is essential for improving early diagnosis and treatment efficacy. Synergistic effects have been identified in the development of resistance to antifungal and antibacterial therapies. Modern treatment strategies should consider focusing on methods to disrupt this synergy, as well as on preventative measures to limit the transmission of Candida-Helicobacter associations between individuals.

Keywords: Candida; Helicobacter pylori; Routes of transmission; Fungal and bacterial associations; Periodontitis; Vulvovaginal candidiasis; Microbiota

Core Tip: The phenomenon of fungal and bacterial associations is of significant interest for understanding gastric carcinogenesis. Representatives of the human microbiota can be etiological factors for various diseases. The most common are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Candida. The Candida-Helicobacter association is a poorly studied problem, although its significant role in the development of gastroduodenal pathology is not in doubt. Currently, there is insufficient understanding of the transmission pathways of H. pylori infection. Of great interest are polymicrobial extragastroduodenal foci of infections associated with H. pylori, in particular in the oral cavity, female birth canal, urinary tract. These issues require further investigation.