Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial dysfunction in patients with vasospastic angina

Table 1 Patients’ characteristics, n (%)/mean ± SD

	FMD-H group	FMD-L group	P value
n	123 (50)	121 (50)
Male/female	48/75	59/62	0.125
Age (years)	65 ± 11	69 ± 11	0.017
Body mass index	24.0 ± 4.4	24.3 ± 4.3	0.576
Coronary risk factor
Smoking (active)	18 (15)	27 (22)	0.122
Hypertension	82 (67)	85 (70)	0.547
Dyslipidemia	73 (59)	66 (55)	0.449
Diabetes mellitus	18 (15)	21 (17)	0.562
Family history of CAD	25 (20)	22 (18)	0.671
Alcohol drinker	44 (36)	49 (41)	0.417
CKD	33 (27)	37 (31)	0.517

FMD-H: High-flow-mediated dilation; FMD-L: Low-flow-mediated dilation; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease.

Table 2 Blood biochemical and echocardiographic parameters, mean ± SD

	FMD-H group	FMD-L group	P value
Blood biochemical parameters
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	199 ± 29	197 ± 36	0.630
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	136 ± 76	139 ± 69	0.710
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	60 ± 17	58 ± 17	0.359
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	112 ± 26	111 ± 32	0.731
FBS (mg/dL)	105 ± 27	104 ± 18	0.831
HbA1c (%)	5.9 ± 0.7	5.9 ± 0.6	0.959
CRP (mg/dL), median (IQR)	0.06 (0.02, 0.18)	0.07 (0.03, 0.17)	0.268
BNP (pg/mL), median (IQR)	18 (9, 35)	23 (15, 50)	0.005
	n = 120	n = 119
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	71.4 ± 15.9	68.7 ± 15.3	0.184
Echocardiographic parameters
LVEF (%)	67 ± 8	68 ± 9	0.513
Brachial ultrasound
Baseline brachial artery diameter (mm)	3.8 ± 0.6	4.0 ± 0.6	0.027
FMD (%)	5.9 ± 4.2	1.7 ± 1.6	< 0.001
NID (%)	16.4 ± 6.8	13.2 ± 6.3	0.002
	n = 120	n = 118

FMD-H: High-flow-mediated dilation; FMD-L: Low-flow-mediated dilation; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; FBS: Fasting blood sugar; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; CRP: C-reactive protein; IQR: Interquartile range; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; FMD: Flow-mediated dilation; NID: Nitroglycerin-induced dilation.

Table 3 Medications and vasospastic angina-related parameters at admission, n (%)/median (IQR)

	FMD-H group	FMD-L group	P value
Medications
Calcium-channel blockers	42 (34)	46 (38)	0.529
Long-acting nitrate	8 (7)	15 (12)	0.115
Nicorandil	9 (7)	8 (7)	0.829
RAS inhibitor	25 (20)	38 (31)	0.103
Beta-receptor blocker	7 (6)	14 (12)	0.102
Statins	52 (43)	37 (31)	0.058
Antiplatelet drug	24 (20)	24 (20)	0.950
Anti-DM drugs	11 (9)	11 (9)	0.968
Number of coronary vasodilators
At admission	0 (0, 1)	0 (0, 1)	0.444
At discharge	1 (1, 1)	1 (1, 1)	0.953
VSA-related parameters
Chest symptoms at rest, on exertion, and both	109/10/4	97/14/10	0.269
VA	1 (1)	2 (2)	0.552
Number of anginal attacks per month	4 (2, 10)	5 (2, 12)	0.524

FMD-H: High-flow-mediated dilation; FMD-L: Low-flow-mediated dilation; RAS: Renin-angiotensin system; DM: Diabetes mellitus; VSA: Vasospastic angina; VA: Variant angina.

Table 4 Results of coronary angiography and spasm provocation test, n (%)

	FMD-H group	FMD-L group	P value
CAG
Atherosclerotic lesion	59 (48)	60 (50)	0.800
MB	17 (14)	19 (16)	0.679
SPT
Starting from LCA or RCA	35/88	45/76	0.146
Provocation induced by LDA	28 (23)	26 (21)	0.810
TOC during SPT	4 (3)	10 (8)	0.092
ST elevation during SPT	10 (8)	18 (15)	0.098
Unavoidable use of NTG	35 (30)	35 (31)	0.828
	n = 118	n = 113
Focal spasm	39 (32)	52 (43)	0.069
MVS	73 (67)	69 (66)	0.923
	n = 109	n = 104
Location of coronary spasm
LAD	108 (95)	109 (96)	0.527
	n = 114	n = 113
LCX	33 (29)	18 (16)	0.017
	n = 114	n = 113
RCA	73 (66)	70 (67)	0.889
	n = 111	n = 105

FMD-H: High-flow-mediated dilation; FMD-L: Low-flow-mediated dilation; CAG: Coronary angiography; MB: Myocardial bridging; SPT: Spasm provocation test; LCA: Left coronary artery; RCA: Right coronary artery; LDA: Low-dose acetylcholine; TOC: Transient occlusion; NTG: Nitroglycerin; MVS: Multivessel spasm; LAD: Left anterior descending coronary artery; LCX: Left circumflex coronary artery.