Metformin fails to prevent diabetes in non-diabetic cardiovascular patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Georgios Ι Tsironikos, George Ε Zakynthinos, Despoina Kyprianidou, Vasiliki Rammou, Thomas Antonogiannis, Alexandra Bargiota, Epaminondas Zakynthinos, Vasiliki Tsolaki
Georgios Ι Tsironikos, General Medicine and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Larisa 41447, Thessaly, Greece
George Ε Zakynthinos, 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
Despoina Kyprianidou, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
Vasiliki Rammou, Thomas Antonogiannis, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41110, Thessaly, Greece
Alexandra Bargiota, Department of Internal Medicine-Endocrinology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41335, Thessaly, Greece
Epaminondas Zakynthinos, Vasiliki Tsolaki, Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41335, Thessaly, Greece
Co-first authors: Georgios Ι Tsironikos and George Ε Zakynthinos.
Author contributions: Tsironikos GI, Zakynthinos GE, and Tsolaki V designed the research study; Tsironikos GI, Zakynthinos GE, Kyprianidou D, Rammou V, and Tsolaki V performed the research; Tsironikos GI and Zakynthinos GE contributed new reagents and analytic tools and analyzed the data, and they contributed equally to this manuscript as co-first authors; Tsironikos GI, Zakynthinos GE, Kyprianidou D, Rammou V, Antonogiannis T, Bargiota A, Zakynthinos E, and Tsolaki V wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Corresponding author: George Ε Zakynthinos, MD, 3
rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mesogion 152, Athens 11527, Greece.
gzakynthinos2@gmail.com
Received: October 24, 2025
Revised: December 2, 2025
Accepted: February 5, 2026
Published online: April 26, 2026
Processing time: 173 Days and 9.4 Hours
