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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Cardiol. Nov 26, 2025; 17(11): 109627
Published online Nov 26, 2025. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.109627
Published online Nov 26, 2025. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.109627
Interplay of menopause, coronary artery calcium score and cardiovascular disease risk
Tanisha Mishra, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
Diksha Sanjana Pasnoor, Department of Medicine, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad 508254, India
Murtaza Gandhi, Department of Medicine, Terna Medical College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai 400706, India
Nida Mohamed, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College/Landmark Medical Center, RI, 501-1000, United States
Shaylika Chauhan, Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Wikes-Barre, PA 18711, United States
Kokou Adompreh-Fia, Department of Medicine, University Hospital/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
Kesha Mayank Doshi, Department of Medicine, BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad 380016, India
Prerana Sevella, Department of Internal Medicine, Jefferson Abington Hospital, Abington, PA 19001, United States
Rupak Desai, Outcomes Research, Independent Researcher, Atlanta, GA 30079, United States
Author contributions: Mishra T, Pasnoor DS, Gandhi M, Mohamed N, Adompreh-Fia K, Doshi KM, Sevella P contributed to writing–original draft, review and editing; Chauhan S contributed to conceptualization, methodology, writing–review and editing, visualization, supervision; Desai R contributed to conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, resources, writing–original draft; writing–review and editing, visualization; all authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this work.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Shaylika Chauhan, MD, FACP, Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Health System, 1000 E Mountain Blvd, Wikes-Barre, PA 18711, United States.
Received: May 18, 2025
Revised: June 14, 2025
Accepted: October 25, 2025
Published online: November 26, 2025
Processing time: 187 Days and 18.9 Hours
Revised: June 14, 2025
Accepted: October 25, 2025
Published online: November 26, 2025
Processing time: 187 Days and 18.9 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Our review critically examines an understudied interplay- menopause, coronary artery calcium score (CACS), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), highlighting estrogen withdrawal’s role in accelerating subclinical atherosclerosis. It analyzes current evidence on the role of metabolic dysregulation, bone mineral density, lipid shifts, insulin resistance, and triglyceride-glucose index as mediators of increased CACS. Given the rising global burden of CVD in aging female populations and the growing use of CACS, this review is especially timely in guiding risk assessment during the menopausal transition. Future research should focus on integrating CACS to traditional risk assessment tools for early CVD detection and prevention.