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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Cardiol. Nov 26, 2025; 17(11): 107835
Published online Nov 26, 2025. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.107835
Published online Nov 26, 2025. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v17.i11.107835
Racial disparities in electrical and structural cardiac adaptation among adolescent athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Rasha Kaddoura, Department of Pharmacy, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
Hassan Al-Tamimi, Department of Cardiology, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
Guido E Pieles, Department of Athlete Screening and Sports Cardiology, University College London, Doha 3050, Qatar
Author contributions: Kaddoura R performed the statistical analysis; Kaddoura R and Al-Tamimi H designed the research study, prepared tables and figures; Al-Tamimi H performed the research and prepared the initial manuscript; Pieles GE helped in writing and performed critical revision; all authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no conflict of interest in publishing the manuscript.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Rasha Kaddoura, PharmD, Department of Pharmacy, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Al-Rumailah, Doha 3050, Qatar. rasha.kaddoura@gmail.com
Received: March 31, 2025
Revised: May 9, 2025
Accepted: October 23, 2025
Published online: November 26, 2025
Processing time: 237 Days and 10 Hours
Revised: May 9, 2025
Accepted: October 23, 2025
Published online: November 26, 2025
Processing time: 237 Days and 10 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This systematic review and meta-analysis found that race has an impact on the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters that reflect cardiac adaptations in adolescent athletes. Black athletes tend to have an increased prevalence of distinct changes such as first-degree atrioventricular block, T-wave inversions with thicker septal and posterior walls compared with their White counterparts.