Association between Alzheimer's disease and Porphyromonas gingivalis products in murine models: A systematic review

Table 1 Bacterial products and host factors that cause inflammation

Ref.	Product or structure of the bacterium	Host factors	Factor type
Zeng et al[12], 2021	LPS	TGF-β1	Cytokine
		Cofilina-2	Protein
		PP2A (phosphorylated/inactive)	Enzyme
Tang et al[7], 2021	LPS	IL-1β	Cytokine
		TNF-α	Cytokine
		IL-6	Cytokine
		GFAP	Protein
		Microglia	Glial cells
		Astrocytes	Glial cells
Zeng et al[15], 2021	LPS	TLR2	PRR
		NF-κB	Transcription factor
		CatB	Enzyme
		TLR4	PRR
	Gingipains	C3	Complement system
		C5	Complement system
Qian et al[8], 2021	LPS	IL-1β	Cytokine
		NOS	Enzyme
		COX-2	Enzyme
		TNF-α	Cytokine
		APP	Protein
		BACE1	Enzyme
		ADAM10	Enzyme
Hu et al[13], 2021	LPS	TLR	PRR
		NF-κB	Transcription factor
		STAT3	Transcription factor
		Interleukins	Cytokine
		APP	Protein
		Amyloid-β	Peptide
		Presenilin	Protein
		JAK2	Kinases
		Astrocytes	Glial cells
		Microglia	Glial cells
Hayashi et al[19], 2019	LPS	Iba-1	Marker
		CD3	Marker
Jiang et al[20], 2021	LPS	Tau	Protein
		GSK3β	Kinases
		Iba-1	Marker
		TNF-α	Cytokine
Gong et al[6], 2022	MVNOs	IL-1β	Cytokine
		Microglia	Glial cells
Hashimoto et al[21], 2017	LPS	TLR2	PRR
		TLR4	PRR
		CD36	Protein
		CD204	Protein
Ding et al[22], 2018	LPS
Fouillen et al[23], 2021	Gingipains	SCPPPQ1	Protein
Hao et al[14], 2022	LPS	C1q	Complement system
Gu et al[24], 2020	LPS	IL-6	Cytokine
		IL-17	Cytokine
Poole et al[25], 2015	Bacterial DNA	Microglia	Glial cells
Liu et al[26], 2017	Gingipains	Microglia	Glial cells
Nie et al[27], 2019	LPS	Monocytes	Immune cells
Ma et al[17], 2023	MVNOs	Trigeminal neurons	Neurons
O'Boyle et al[28], 2020	LPS	Circulatory system	Structural
		Brain	Structural
Lei et al[16], 2023	Gingipains	BBB	Structural
		Caveolin1	Protein
		MFSD2A	Protein
		Albumin	Protein
		Caveolar vesicles	Protein
Kazemi et al[29], 2024		Lactobacillus sp.	Bacteria
		Trace elements	Essential minerals
Chi et al[30], 2021	LPS	Dysbiotic gut microbiota	Bacteria
	Gingipains	Microglia	Glial cells
		Astrocytes	Glial cells
		Amyloid-β	Peptide
		Myeloid cells	Immune cells
		Lymphocytes	Immune cells
Bahar et al[31], 2021	LPS	Microglia	Glial cells
	Gingipains	Astrocytes	Glial cells
	Bacterial DNA
Díaz-Zúñiga et al[18], 2020	K antigen	Microglia	Glial cells
	Gingipains	Astrocytes	Glial cells
	LPS	Macrophages	Immune cells
		Lymphocytes	Immune cells
		Th1/Th17	Immune cells
Chen et al[32], 2024	LPS	Microglia	Glial cells
	Gingipains	Astrocytes	Glial cells
	Bacterial DNA	Amyloid-β	Peptide
		Nrf2/HO-1	Transcription factor

LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; OMVs: Outer membrane vesicles; IL: Interleukins; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor beta 1; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; Nrf2/HO-1: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Heme oxygenase 1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; Th1/Th17: T helper type 1/17 cells; TLR: Toll-like receptor; JAK2: Janus kinase 2; C1q, C3, C5: Complement components 1q, 3, and 5; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; APP: Amyloid precursor protein; BBB: Blood-brain barrier; CD: Cluster of differentiation; SCPPPQ1: Secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein proline-glutamine rich 1; BACE1: Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1; ADAM10: A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10; MFSD2A: Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2A; Iba-1: Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1.

Table 2 Classification of the factors involved in the evolution of Alzheimer's

Types of factors	Factors	Quantity
Glial cells	Astrocytes	6
	Microglia	9
Immune cells	Lymphocytes	2
	Macrophages	1
	Monocytes	1
	Th1/Th17	1
	Myeloid cells	1
Cytokine	IL-1β	3
	IL-6	2
	Interleukins	1
	TGF-β1	1
	TNF-α	3
	IL-17	1
Enzyme	ADAM10	1
	BACE1	1
	CatB	1
	COX-2	1
	NOS	1
	PP2A (phosphorylated/inactive)	1
Structural	BBB	1
	Circulatory system	1
	Brain	1
Transcription factor	NF-κB	2
	Nrf2/HO-1	1
	STAT3	1
Essential minerals	Trace elements	1
Neurons	Trigeminal neurons	1
Peptide	Amyloid-β	3
Protein	Albumin	1
	Caveolin1	1
	Cofilina-2	1
	GFAP	1
	MFSD2A	1
	Presenilin	1
	SCPPPQ1	1
	Caveolar vesicles	1
	APP	2
	Tau	1
	CD36	1
	CD204	1
Kinases	JAK2	1
	GSK3β	1
PRR	TLR	1
	TLR2	1
	TLR4	2
	TLR2	1
Complement system	C1q	1
	C3	1
	C5	1
Marker	CD3	1
	Iba-1	2
Bacteria	Lactobacillus sp.	1
	Dysbiotic gut microbiota	1

Th1/Th17: T helper type 1/17 cells; IL: Interleukins; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor beta 1; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; ADAM10: A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10; BACE1: Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1; CatB: Cathepsin B; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; NOS: Nitric oxide synthase; BBB: Blood-brain barrier; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; Nrf2/HO-1: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; MFSD2A: Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2A; SCPPPQ1: Secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein proline-glutamine rich 1; APP: Amyloid precursor protein; CD: Cluster of differentiation; JAK2: Janus kinase 2; GSK3β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; TLR: Toll-like receptor; C1q, C3, C5: Complement components 1q, 3, and 5; Iba-1: Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1.