©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Feb 27, 2026; 18(2): 115427
Published online Feb 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i2.115427
Published online Feb 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i2.115427
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort, n (%)
| Variable | Mortality group (n = 21) | Survival group (n = 113) | t/χ2/Z | P value |
| Demographics | ||||
| Female | 8 (38.1) | 53 (46.9) | χ2 = 0.53 | 0.46 |
| Age (year) | 82.00 (67-88) | 71.00 (25-89) | Z = 4.27 | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 10 (47.6) | 51 (45.1) | χ2 = 0.04 | 0.83 |
| Diabetes | 9 (42.9) | 32 (28.3) | χ2 = 1.77 | 0.18 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 7 (33.3) | 29 (25.7) | χ2 = 0.52 | 0.47 |
| Heart disease | 5 (23.8) | 29 (25.7) | χ2 = 0.03 | 0.85 |
| Disease severity | ||||
| ASA classification | ||||
| II | 7 (33.3) | 91 (80.5) | ||
| III | 12 (57.1) | 22 (19.5) | χ2 = 20.57 | < 0.001 |
| IV | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| APACHE II score | 8.95 ± 2.61 | 10.52 ± 3.80 | t = 2.318 | 0.022 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| WBC (× 109/L) | 7.52 (3.33-12.32) | 9.93 (4.63-14.58) | Z = 3.73 | < 0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 104.37 ± 10.63 | 100.24 ± 13.23 | t = 1.38 | 0.169 |
| Platelet (× 109/L) | 83.00 (44-112) | 197.00 (96-354) | Z = 4.68 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 30.8 ± 4.2 | 30.4 ± 2.3 | t = 1.24 | 0.2176 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 18.80 (14.00-28.80) | 14.50 (7.60-28.80) | Z = 3.89 | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 128.00 (88-207) | 95.00 (63-180) | Z = 3.88 | < 0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.90 (0.60-4.00) | 1.70 (0.70-2.80) | Z = 2.07 | 0.038 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 247.00 (159-322) | 156.00 (98-256) | Z = 4.12 | < 0.001 |
| PCT (μg/L) | 45.50 (18.30-69.90) | 15.60 (3.50-35.10) | Z = 4.18 | < 0.001 |
| Imaging findings | ||||
| Pneumoperitoneum | 15 (71.4) | 77 (68.1) | χ2 = 0.09 | 0.76 |
| Ascites | 12 (57.1) | 57 (50.4) | χ2 = 0.32 | 0.57 |
| Portal venous gas | 4 (19.0) | 0 (0.0) | - | < 0.0011 |
| Perforation details | ||||
| Onset to surgery > 24 hours | 12 (57.1) | 36 (31.9) | χ2 = 5.21 | 0.022 |
| Perforation site | ||||
| Ascending colon | 2 (9.5) | 15 (13.3) | ||
| Transverse colon | 1 (4.8) | 3 (2.7) | χ2 = 0.63 | 0.96 |
| Descending colon | 1 (4.8) | 7 (6.2) | ||
| Sigmoid colon | 17 (81.0) | 88 (77.9) | ||
| Perforation aetiology | ||||
| Tumour | 4 (19.0) | 23 (20.4) | ||
| Diverticulum | 6 (28.6) | 30 (26.5) | ||
| Hernia | 3 (14.3) | 17 (15.0) | χ2 = 0.31 | 0.99 |
| Chronic constipation | 2 (9.5) | 14 (12.4) | ||
| Foreign body | 2 (9.5) | 9 (8.0) | ||
| Iatrogenic | 2 (9.5) | 10 (8.8) | ||
| Spontaneous | 2 (9.5) | 10 (8.8) | ||
| Surgical data | ||||
| Operative time (minutes) | 178.57 ± 15.48 | 178.76 ± 18.23 | t = -0.04 | 0.96 |
| Intraoperative blood loss (mL) | 38.57 ± 9.15 | 37.96 ± 9.96 | t = 0.25 | 0.8 |
| Surgical approach | ||||
| Primary anastomosis | 2 (9.5) | 15 (13.3) | ||
| Hartmann's procedure | 17 (81.0) | 88 (77.9) | χ2 = 0.224 | 0.894 |
| Simple repair | 2 (9.5) | 10 (8.8) |
Table 2 Multivariable logistic regression model
| Variable | β coefficient | SE | χ² | P value | OR (95%CI) | VIF |
| APACHE II | 0.214 | 0.092 | 5.41 | 0.020 | 1.24 (1.03-1.48) | 1.02 |
| WBC | -0.382 | 0.112 | 11.62 | < 0.001 | 0.68 (0.55-0.85) | 1.18 |
| Lactate | 0.876 | 0.298 | 8.64 | 0.003 | 2.40 (1.34-4.31) | 1.04 |
| PVG | 3.012 | 1.214 | 6.15 | 0.013 | 20.32 (1.89-218.45) | 1.05 |
- Citation: Xu XJ, Zhang HD, Cheng CJ, Zhang YM, Zhang Q. Risk factor analysis and nomogram model construction for mortality in patients following colonic perforation surgery. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(2): 115427
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v18/i2/115427.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v18.i2.115427