Effect of comorbid gastroesophageal reflux disease on laryngopharyngeal reflux disease: Clinical characteristics and risk factors

Table 1 Patients’ clinical characteristics, n (%)

Factors	GERD group (n = 74)	Non-GERD group (n = 76)	χ2/t	P value
Age (years)	57.92 ± 8.58	54.78 ± 7.91	2.331	0.021
Gender			4.482	0.034
Male	34 (45.95)	48 (63.16)
Female	40 (54.05)	28 (36.84)
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23.05 ± 2.83	22.12 ± 2.68	2.067	0.041
Marital status			1.056	0.304
Married	52 (70.27)	59 (77.63)
Unmarried	22 (29.73)	17 (22.37)
Smoking			6.007	0.014
Yes	28 (37.84)	15 (19.74)
No	46 (62.16)	61 (80.26)
Alcohol consumption			5.830	0.016
Yes	19 (25.68)	8 (10.53)
No	55 (74.32)	68 (89.47)
Eating habits in the 3-hour window before sleep			0.973	0.324
Yes	63 (85.14)	60 (78.95)
No	11 (14.86)	16 (21.05)

GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Table 2 Reflux symptoms in the two groups, n (%)

Symptoms	GERD group (n = 74)	Non-GERD group (n = 76)	χ2	P value
Hoarseness or voice disorders	2 (2.70)	8 (10.53)	3.688	0.055
Persistent throat clearing	26 (35.14)	17 (22.37)	2.988	0.084
Excessive phlegm or postnasal drip	4 (5.41)	13 (17.11)	5.107	0.024
Difficulty swallowing food or water	4 (5.41)	1 (1.32)	1.946	0.163
Postprandial or supine coughing	2 (2.70)	2 (2.63)	< 0.001	0.978
Breathing difficulties	2 (2.70)	1 (1.32)	0.368	0.544
Bothersome cough	21 (28.38)	10 (13.16)	5.298	0.021
Throat foreign body sensation	11 (14.86)	14 (18.42)	0.341	0.559
Heartburn, chest pain, and stomach pain	13 (17.57)	5 (6.58)	4.287	0.038

GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Table 3 Assignment table

Factor	Variate	Assignment
Age (years)	X1	Continuous variable
Gender	X2	Male = 0, female = 1
Body mass index (kg/m2)	X3	Continuous variable
Marital status	X4	Married = 0, unmarried = 1
Smoking	X5	No = 0, yes = 1
Alcohol consumption	X6	No = 0, yes = 1
Eating habits in the 3-hour window before sleep	X7	No = 0, yes = 1
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	Y	No = 0, yes = 1

Table 4 Analysis of risk factors for comorbid gastroesophageal reflux disease in laryngopharyngeal reflux disease patients

Factors	β	SE	Wald	P value	Odds ratio	95%CI
Age (years)	0.056	0.024	5.715	0.017	1.058	1.010-1.108
Gender	0.806	0.369	4.764	0.029	2.238	1.086-4.613
Body mass index (kg/m2)	0.092	0.067	1.890	0.169	1.097	0.961-1.251
Marital status	0.544	0.418	1.694	0.193	1.723	0.759-3.908
Smoking	1.027	0.409	6.310	0.012	2.793	1.253-6.224
Alcohol consumption	1.017	0.486	4.388	0.036	2.765	1.068-7.163
Eating habits in the 3-hour window before sleep	0.138	0.482	0082	0.774	1.148	0.446-2.956