Novel multimodal analgesic regimen for perioperative pain management after hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Comparison of general and perioperative data between the two groups, n (%)

Classification	Control group	Multimodal group	t/χ2	P value
Cases	50	50
Age	55.10 ± 8.61	52.00 ± 9.74	1.686	0.095
Gender			0.378	0.539
Male	29 (58)	32 (64)
Female	21 (42)	18 (36)
Child-Pugh class			0.367	0.545
A	27 (54)	30 (60)
B	23 (46)	20 (40)
History of HAIC			0.161	0.688
First time	26 (52)	28 (56)
Twice or more	24 (48)	22 (44)
Adverse life history			0.174	0.677
No	19 (38)	17 (34)
Yes	31 (62)	33 (66)
History of liver disease			0.178	0.673
No	16 (32)	18 (36)
Yes	34 (68)	32 (64)
Complication			0.198	0.656
No	13 (26)	15 (30)
Yes	37 (74)	35 (70)
Duration of HAIC (min)			0.425	0.809
< 30 minutes	32 (64)	35 (70)
30-60 minutes	17 (34)	14 (28)
> 60 minutes	1 (2)	1 (2)
Duration of hospital stay after (day)	3.78 ± 1.87	3.48 ± 1.71	0.839	0.403

HAIC: Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy.

Table 2 Compared two groups of visual analog scale pain score

	Time point	Control group (n = 50)	Multimodal group (n = 50)	t	P value
Rest	1 hour before HAIC	0.58 ± 0.57	0.54 ± 0.54	0.358	0.721
	During the HAIC	0.38 ± 0.49	0.46 ± 0.54	0.775	0.440
	T0	1.5 ± 0.58	0.56 ± 0.50	8.667	0.001
	T2	1.8 ± 0.73	1.14 ± 0.57	5.040	0.006
	T4	1.88 ± 0.77	0.96 ± 0.53	6.928	0.001
	T6	1.78 ± 0.51	0.98 ± 0.68	6.640	0.001
	T12	1.62 ± 0.49	0.7 ± 0.54	8.883	0.001
	T24	0.56 ± 0.58	0.34 ± 0.56	1.939	0.055
	T48	0.52 ± 0.58	0.36 ± 0.48	1.497	0.138
Movement	1 hour before HAIC	0.7 ± 0.54	0.62 ± 0.53	0.745	0.458
	During the HAIC	0.5 ± 0.51	0.62 ± 0.60	-1.079	0.283
	T0	1.68 ± 0.51	0.8 ± 0.49	8.733	0.001
	T2	1.9 ± 0.89	1.44 ± 0.54	3.133	0.002
	T4	1.94 ± 0.77	1.58 ± 0.50	6.928	0.001
	T6	1.96 ± 0.45	0.96 ± 0.53	6.640	0.001
	T12	1.64 ± 0.69	0.74 ± 0.53	7.310	0.001
	T24	0.84 ± 0.47	0.82 ± 0.72	0.165	0.869
	T48	0.52 ± 0.58	0.46 ± 0.61	0.503	0.616

HAIC: Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy.

Table 3 Comparison of patient satisfaction between the two groups 48 hours after surgery, n (%)

	Cases (n)	1 = very bad	2 = bad	3 = moderate	4 = good	5 = very good	χ2	P value
Control group	50	0 (0)	3 (6)	15 (30)	22 (44)	10 (20)	11.753	0.008
Multimodal group	50	0 (0)	0 (0%)	10 (20)	15 (30)	25 (50)

Table 4 Comparison of adverse reactions between the two groups, n (%)

Adverse reactions	Control group (n = 50)	Multimodal group (n = 50)	χ2	P value
PONV	15 (30)	6 (12)	4.882	0.027
Constipation	7 (14)	4 (8)	0.919	0.338
Dysuria	6 (12)	4 (8)	0.444	0.505
Hypersomnia	10 (20)	5 (10)	1.961	0.161
Total	33 (66)	19 (38)	10.306	0.001

PONV: Postoperative nausea and vomiting.