Application of total thoracoscopic ultrasonic scalpel resection in esophageal cancer patients

Table 1 Comparison of general data between the two groups, mean ± SD/n (%)

Group	n	Sex		Age (years)	Tumor location		Tumor staging		Histological classification
		Male	Female		Mid-thoracic	Upper thoracic	Stage I	Stage IIa	Squamous carcinoma	Adenocarcinoma	Others
Observation group	66	37 (56.06)	29 (43.94)	62.33 ± 5.78	42 (63.64)	24 (36.36)	35 (53.03)	31 (46.97)	17 (25.76)	25 (37.88)	24 (36.36)
Control group	61	33 (54.10)	28 (45.90)	61.54 ± 6.40	36 (59.02)	25 (40.98)	39 (63.93)	22 (36.07)	15 (24.59)	30 (49.18)	16 (26.23)
χ2/t		0.049		0.710	0.286		1.550		1.956
P value		0.824		0.479	0.593		0.213		0.371

Table 2 Comparison of surgical indicators between the two groups, mean ± SD

Group	n	Surgical duration (minutes)	Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	Chest drainage volume (mL)	Number of dissected lymph nodes
Observation group	66	165.48 ± 20.44	89.08 ± 10.23	256.34 ± 31.61	8.44 ± 0.75
Control group	61	194.63 ± 22.78	123.62 ± 15.28	310.29 ± 35.72	6.23 ± 0.61
t		7.600	15.072	9.028	18.129
P value		< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Table 3 Comparison of pain mediator levels between the two groups, mean ± SD

Group	n	5-HT (nmol/L)		K+ (nmol/L)		NE (ng/L)
		Preoperatively	Postoperatively	Preoperatively	Postoperatively	Preoperatively	Postoperatively
Observation group	66	0.22 ± 0.04	0.41 ± 0.04a	28.35 ± 2.40	33.69 ± 2.58a	1.25 ± 0.11	3.03 ± 0.48a
Control group	61	0.21 ± 0.03	0.69 ± 0.05a	27.94 ± 2.33	38.86 ± 3.71a	1.27 ± 0.16	5.78 ± 0.52a
t		1.584	34.973	0.975	9.174	0.826	30.992
P value		0.114	< 0.001	0.331	< 0.001	0.410	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs pre-treatment levels in the same group.

5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; K⁺: Potassium ions; NE: Norepinephrine.

Table 4 Comparison of immune response between the two groups, mean ± SD

Group	n	CD4+ (%)		CD8+ (%)		CD4+/CD8+
		Preoperatively	Postoperatively	Preoperatively	Postoperatively	Preoperatively	Postoperatively
Observation group	66	36.85 ± 2.45	31.73 ± 2.12a	26.76 ± 2.85	29.46 ± 3.55a	1.37 ± 0.12	1.07 ± 0.10a
Control group	61	37.41 ± 3.03	27.49 ± 2.98a	27.01 ± 2.64	33.95 ± 3.96a	1.39 ± 0.18	0.81 ± 0.07a
t		1.149	9.293	0.512	6.737	0.742	16.845
P value		0.253	< 0.001	0.610	< 0.001	0.460	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs pre-treatment levels in the same group.

Table 5 Comparison of inflammatory markers between the two groups, mean ± SD, ng/L

Group	n	IL-6		IL-8		TNF-α
		Preoperatively	Postoperatively	Preoperatively	Postoperatively	Preoperatively	Postoperatively
Observation group	66	192.64 ± 18.33	268.75 ± 25.48a	168.33 ± 17.68	221.43 ± 20.38a	102.49 ± 11.71	132.05 ± 15.43a
Control group	61	189.45 ± 20.41	295.03 ± 31.62a	165.26 ± 15.45	271.69 ± 25.74a	98.74 ± 10.65	178.63 ± 16.65a
t		0.928	5.175	1.039	12.246	1.883	16.364
P value		0.355	< 0.001	0.301	< 0.001	0.062	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs pre-treatment levels in the same group.

IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-8: Interleukin-8; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha.

Table 6 Comparison of pulmonary function parameters between the two groups, mean ± SD, mL

Group	n	FVC		FEV1		MVV
		Preoperatively	Postoperatively	Preoperatively	Postoperatively	Preoperatively	Postoperatively
Observation group	66	95.45 ± 8.46	78.28 ± 7.75a	89.49 ± 9.11	76.68 ± 6.41a	86.68 ± 9.21	68.49 ± 7.11a
Control group	61	96.02 ± 10.21	62.43 ± 5.33a	88.32 ± 8.46	66.50 ± 5.78a	85.12 ± 8.78	56.37 ± 6.44a
t		0.344	13.323	0.748	9.372	0.975	10.040
P value		0.732	< 0.001	0.456	< 0.001	0.331	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs pre-treatment levels in the same group.

FVC: Forced vital capacity; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in one second; MVV: Maximal voluntary ventilation.

Table 7 Comparison of complication rates between the two groups, n (%)

Group	n	Intraoperative iatrogenic injuries	Chylothorax	Anastomotic fistula	Massive hemorrhage	Pleural effusion	Infections in the lungs and other systems	Overall incidence
Observation group	66	0 (0)	2 (3.03)	1 (1.52)	0 (0)	2 (3.03)	1 (1.52)	6 (7.58)
Control group	61	2 (3.28)	2 (3.28)	4 (6.56)	2 (3.28)	1 (1.64)	2 (3.28)	13 (21.31)
χ2								4.917
P value								0.027