Two-port vs four-port laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer: Efficacy and outcomes

Figure 1 Comparative gastrointestinal function markers. A: Preoperative/postoperative gastrin level changes; B: Preoperative/postoperative motilin level alterations. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 for intra-group vs preoperative; ^cP < 0.05 for inter-group comparison at same time point. GAS: Gastrin; MT: Motilin.

Figure 2 Serum oncological biomarkers in both patient groups. A: Comparative carcinoembryonic antigen levels before and after surgery; B: Preoperative and postoperative cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1 level variations across groups; C: Carbohydrate antigen 125 variation pre-surgery vs post-surgery. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 for within-group vs baseline; ^cP < 0.05 for inter-group vs four-port. CA125: Carbohydrate antigen 125; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; Cyfra 21-1: Cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1.

Figure 3 Comparative analysis of humoral immune responses. A: Preoperative and postoperative immunoglobulin (Ig) A dynamics across study cohorts; B: Temporal changes in IgG concentrations (preoperative vs postoperative); C: IgM level variations before and after surgery. ^bP < 0.01 for within-group preoperative comparisons; ^cP < 0.05 for between-group differences relative to four-port group at equivalent timepoints. Ig: Immunoglobulin.