Advancements in injection materials for submucosal lifting in endoscopic interventions

Figure 1 Schematic of key procedural steps in endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection. A: Lesion identification; B: Mucosal marking; C: Creation of a submucosal fluid cushion; D: Snaring (endoscopic mucosal resection); E: Submucosal dissection with hook knife (endoscopic submucosal dissection); F: Post-resection wound.

Figure 2 Classification of submucosal injection materials and representative examples. IDEEP: Injectable, degradable, and elastic hydrogel.

Figure 3 Functional evolution of submucosal fluid cushion materials.