Rozani S. Augmented intelligence in “robotic” liver surgery: Integrating augmented reality and artificial intelligence for real-time navigation and margin precision. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(2): 116351 [DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i2.116351]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Sofia Rozani, MD, PhD, Academic Fellow, Research Fellow, 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vas Sofias Street 76, Athens 11528, Greece. sofrozan@gmail.com
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Surgery
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Minireviews
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This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Feb 27, 2026 (publication date) through Feb 26, 2026
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Publication Name
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
ISSN
1948-9366
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA
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Rozani S. Augmented intelligence in “robotic” liver surgery: Integrating augmented reality and artificial intelligence for real-time navigation and margin precision. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(2): 116351 [DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i2.116351]
World J Gastrointest Surg. Feb 27, 2026; 18(2): 116351 Published online Feb 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i2.116351
Augmented intelligence in “robotic” liver surgery: Integrating augmented reality and artificial intelligence for real-time navigation and margin precision
Sofia Rozani
Sofia Rozani, 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11528, Greece
Author contributions: Rozani S contributed to every part of this manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The author has no conflicts of interest and no financial disclosure.
Corresponding author: Sofia Rozani, MD, PhD, Academic Fellow, Research Fellow, 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vas Sofias Street 76, Athens 11528, Greece. sofrozan@gmail.com
Received: November 10, 2025 Revised: December 9, 2025 Accepted: December 26, 2025 Published online: February 27, 2026 Processing time: 109 Days and 8.7 Hours
Abstract
“Robotic” liver surgery has revolutionized minimally invasive hepatectomy, offering superior dexterity and visualization, but achieving accurate intraoperative navigation and safe resection margins remains difficult, especially for deep or posterior hepatocellular carcinomas. The convergence of augmented reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI), collectively described as augmented intelligence, is emerging as a transformative approach. We review the current evidence and future prospects of AR- and AI-assisted “robotic” liver surgery, focusing on their role in real-time anatomical guidance and margin control. Recent developments allow for real-time overlay of 3D reconstructions of the liver and segmentation of tumors and vascular structures, facilitating dynamic visualization and intraoperative decision-making. However, surgical and anatomical challenges, for instance, organ deformation, registration errors, and the lack of standardized protocols, limit its widespread adoption. Augmented intelligence represents the next frontier in “robotic” liver surgery, offering a path toward safer, more personalized, and data-driven hepatectomies.
Core Tip: The integration of augmented reality and artificial intelligence into “robotic” liver surgery represents a transformative advancement in precision and decision-making. Surgeons can enhance real-time visualization of tumors, vasculature, and critical anatomy, reducing errors and improving surgical margins. However, challenges such as organ deformation and registration accuracy must be addressed for widespread adoption. As these innovative technologies evolve and standardization improves, augmented intelligence will not only boost the safety and precision of liver resections but also pave the way for personalized, data-driven surgical approaches that optimize robotic surgical outcomes for each patient.
