Magnetic resonance imaging bias field correction improves tumor prognostic evaluation after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for liver cancer

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a key treatment approach for advanced invasive liver cancer (infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma). However, its therapeutic response can be difficult to evaluate accurately using conventional two-dimensional imaging criteria due to the tumor’s diffuse and multifocal growth pattern. Volumetric imaging, especially enhanced tumor volume (ETV), offers a more comprehensive assessment. Nonetheless, bias field inhomogeneity in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) poses challenges, potentially skewing volumetric measurements and undermining prognostic evaluation.

AIM

To investigate whether MRI bias field correction enhances the accuracy of volumetric assessment of infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma treated with TACE, and to analyze how this improved measurement impacts prognostic prediction.

METHODS

We retrospectively collected data from 105 patients with invasive liver cancer who underwent TACE treatment at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2020 to January 2024. The improved N4 bias field correction algorithm was applied to process MRI images, and the ETV before and after treatment was calculated. The ETV measurements before and after correction were compared, and their relationship with patient prognosis was analyzed. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate prognostic factors, with Martingale residual analysis determining the optimal cutoff value, followed by survival analysis.

RESULTS

Bias field correction significantly affected ETV measurements, with the corrected baseline ETV mean (505.235 cm³) being significantly lower than before correction (825.632 cm³, P < 0.001). Cox analysis showed that the hazard ratio (HR) for corrected baseline ETV (HR = 1.165, 95%CI: 1.069-1.268) was higher than before correction (HR = 1.063, 95%CI: 1.031-1.095). Using 412 cm³ as the cutoff, the group with baseline ETV < 415 cm³ had a longer median survival time compared to the ≥ 415 cm³ group (18.523 months vs 8.926 months, P < 0.001). The group with an ETV reduction rate ≥ 41% had better prognosis than the < 41% group (17.862 months vs 9.235 months, P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis confirmed that ETV reduction rate (HR = 0.412, P < 0.001), Child-Pugh classification (HR = 0.298, P < 0.001), and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage (HR = 0.578, P = 0.045) were independent prognostic factors.

CONCLUSION

Volume imaging based on MRI bias field correction can improve the accuracy of evaluating the efficacy of TACE treatment for invasive liver cancer. The corrected ETV and its reduction rate can serve as independent indicators for predicting patient prognosis, providing important reference for developing individualized treatment strategies.

Keywords: Invasive liver cancer; Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; Magnetic resonance imaging; Bias field correction; Volume imaging

Core Tip: This study highlights the value of magnetic resonance imaging bias field correction in improving enhanced tumor volume measurements for evaluating transcatheter arterial chemoembolization efficacy in invasive liver cancer. Corrected enhanced tumor volume and its reduction rate were identified as independent prognostic factors, enhancing accuracy in assessing tumor burden and outcomes. These findings support integrating bias field correction into imaging protocols to optimize treatment strategies and improve prognostic evaluations in interventional oncology.