Current status and mechanistic insights into nontarget coronary lesions in patients with diabetes and early abnormal glucose metabolism

Table 1 The influence of blood glucose fluctuation indicators on the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes and early abnormal glucose metabolism

Ref.	Disease	Diabetic status	Sample size	Factors	Find
Zhou et al[58], 2020	AMI	With diabetes and without diabetes	434	ABG/HbAlc	Patients with the highest ABG/HbAlc levels showed more high-risk plaques on OCT
Liu et al[59], 2023	AMI	With diabetes and without diabetes	4337	SHR	An elevated SHR has been strongly associated with increased one-year and long-term all-cause mortality in nondiabetic individuals
Liu et al[60], 2025	ACS	With diabetes and without diabetes	1234	SHR	An elevated SHR was associated with the rapid progression of nontarget lesions among nondiabetic patients
Karakasis et al[61] 2024	AMI	With diabetes and without diabetes	87974	SHR	The highest SHR quartile had a significantly higher risk of MACEs and MACCEs, as well as increased long-term outcomes
Yang et al[62], 2022	ACS	With diabetes and without diabetes	5562	SHR	There is a U-shaped or J-shaped association between the SHR and early and late cardiovascular outcomes events
Zeng et al[63], 2023	ACS	With diabetes and without diabetes	7662	SHR	Elevated SHR was independently associated with a higher risk of long-term outcomes irrespective of diabetic status
Su et al[64], 2020	ACS	With diabetes	144	1,5-AG	Low 1,5-AG levels were an independent predictor of plaque rupture in diabetic patients
Takahashi et al[65], 2016	CAD with PCI	With diabetes and without diabetes	240	1,5-AG	Serum levels of 1,5-AG were significantly lower in the event (+) group than in the event (-) group
Kataoka et al[66], 2015	ACS	With diabetes and without diabetes	88	GV (MAGE)	Mean MAGE was significantly higher in nonculprit progressors than in nonprogressors. MAGE was an independent predictor of RP
Yamamoto et al[67], 2021	CAD	With diabetes and without diabetes	101	GV (MAGE)	MAGE was significantly higher in the CVE group. MAGE was an independent predictor of CVE and rapid progression
He et al[68], 2024	CAD in ICU	With diabetes and without diabetes	2789	GV (MAGE)	Nondiabetic patients with high SHR levels and high GV were associated with the greatest risk of both in-hospital mortality and 1-year mortality
Chun et al[69], 2022	HF	With diabetes and without diabetes	2617	GV	High GV significantly increased the risk of 1-year mortality in nondiabetic patients but not in diabetic patients
Su et al[70], 2023	Ventricular arrhythmias in ICU	With diabetes and without diabetes	17756	CV of glycose	Each unit increase in log-transformed CV was associated with a 21% increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and a 30% increased risk of in-hospital death
Tateishi et al[73], 2022	CAD with PCI	Without diabetes	40	GV (MAGE)	MAGE was correlated with maximum lipid core burden index 4 mm in non-diabetic patients
Kuroda et al[74], 2015	CAD with PCI	With diabetes and without diabetes	70	GV (MAGE)	Necrotic core was well correlated with MAGE. MAGE was the only independent predictor of the presence of TCFA.
Akasaka et al[76], 2017	CAD	Without diabetes	65	GV (MAGE)	High MAGE and low RHI (≤ 0.56) were risk factors associated with cardiovascular events

AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; CAD: Coronary artery disease; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; ICU: Intensive care unit; HF: Heart failure; ABG: Arterial blood gas; HbAlc: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; SHR: Stress hyperglycemia ratio; GV: Glycemic variability; MAGE: Mean amplitude of glycemic excursion; CV: Coefficient of variation; MACEs: Major adverse cardiovascular events; MACCEs: Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; 1,5-AG: 1,5-anhydroglucitol; RP: Rapid progression; CVE: Cardiovascular events; TCFA: Thin-cap fibroatheroma; RHI: Reactive hyperemia index; OCT: Optical coherence tomograph.