Crosstalk between oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways: Natural therapeutic approaches for diabetic wound healing

Table 1 Clinical evidence for natural medicine-based therapies in diabetic wound management

Drugs	Composition	Dosage form	Condition	n (experiment/control)	Study design	Treatment		Clinical effect	ChiCTR/NCT number	Ref.
						Experimental	Control
CPCF	Cortex Phellodendri (huangbai), Forsythia suspensa (lianqiao), Lonicera japonica Thunb (rendong), Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. (pugongying), Scolopendra (wugong)	Fluid	DFU	540/180	RCT	CPCF	Kangfuxin solution	Angiogenesis, tissue repair, wound healing	ChiCTR-IPR-15007182	[124]
Two-herb recipe (NF3)	Astragali Radix (huangqi), Rehmanniae Radix (shengdi)	Granules	DFU	8/8	RCT	NF3	Placebo	Fibroblast regeneration, angiogenesis and anti-inflammation	NCT01389362	[125]
Shengji ointment	Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum (guijia), Rehmanniae Radix (dihuang), Angelicae Sinensis Radix (danggui), Gypsum Fibrosum (shigao), Calamina (luganshi)	Ointment	DFU (Wagner grade 3-4)	54/126	RCT	Shengji ointment and bromelain	Hydrocolloid dressing	Granulation tissue regeneration	ChiCTR2000039327	[126]
Nano-hydrogel embedded with quercetin and oleic acid	Quercetin and oleic acid	Hydrogel	DFU	28/28	RCT	Nano-hydrogel embedded with quercetin and oleic acid	Hyaluronic acid	Reduce pain, improve tissue viscoelasticity, accelerated wound healing	-	[123]
Capsaicin 8% patch	Capsaicin	Patch	Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	186/183	RCT	Capsaicin 8% patch	Placebo patch	Reduce pain, relieve diabetic peripheral neuropathy symptoms	NCT01533428	[122]

CPCF: Cortex phellodendri compound fluid; RCT: Randomized clinical trial; DFU: Diabetic foot ulcers.