Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells: A potential therapeutic strategy for diabetic foot ulcers

Table 1 The cargo RNAs and functions of exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells in promoting diabetic wound healing[60,63,68,70,72,79,90,100,101]

Cargo	Target	Experimental model	Concentration	Function	Ref.
circRps5	miR-124-3p	C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old, male)	2 mg/100 μL PBS	Promote M2 macrophages polarization	Yin and Shen[60]
circ-Snhg11	miR-144-3p	C57BL/6 mice	100 μL PBS containing 200 μg ADSC-exosomes	Promote M2 macrophages polarization	Shi et al[63]
mmu_circ_0001052	miR-106a-5p	BALB/c mice (5 weeks old, male)	20 μg/mL	Promote angiogenesis	Liang et al[68]
miR-146a-5p	JAZF1	HUVEC and C57/BL mice (8 weeks old, male)	50, 100 and 200 μg/mL	Promote angiogenesis	Che et al[70]
circ-0001747	miR-199a-5p	BALB/C mice	Not clear	Promote wound healing and accelerate vascular regeneration	Wang et al[72]
miRNA-21-5p	HaCaT	HaCa and Sprague-Dawley rats (5 weeks old, male)	Not clear	Promote the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes	Lv et al[79]
miR-130b-5p	TGFBR3	C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old, male)	1 μg/μL in 100 μL PBS	Promote collagen formation and angiogenesis, and activate the functions of fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells	Yu et al[90]
miR-125a-3p	PTEN	HUVEC and C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old)	25 μg and 50 μg/mL	Promote the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells	Pi et al[100]
lncRNA H19	miR-19b	BALB/c mice (4 weeks old, male)	Exosomes isolated from 1 × 106 ADSCs suspended in 200 μL PBS	Promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HSF cells	Qian et al[101]

lncRNA: Long noncoding RNA; JAZF1: Juxtaposed with another zinc finger gene 1; HaCaT: Human keratinocyte cell line; HUVEC: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; ADSC: Adipose-derived stem cells; HSF: Human skin fibroblast.

Table 2 The impact of exosomes from different sources on wound healing[68,102-106]

Source	Cargo	Regulatory mechanism	Result	Ref.
ADSC	Mmu_circ_0001052	miR-106a-5p/FGF4/p38 MAPK	Promote angiogenesis in high-glucose-induced HUVECs and improve wound healing in DFU	Liang et al[68]
BMSC	circ-Snhg11	circ-Snhg11/miR-144-3p/SLC7A11	Resulting in the inhibition of ferroptosis, restoration of EPC function, promoting angiogenesis and wound healing	Tang et al[102]
HUCMSC	Wnt-4	Wnt/β-catenin	Promote tube formation of endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis	Zhang et al[103]
HFMSC	lncRNA H19	lncRNA H19/NLRP3	Promote HaCaT proliferation, migration, and pyroptosis suppression in vitro and in vivo	Yang et al[104]
GMSC	MALAT1	Wnt/β-catenin	GMSCs-exosomes can promote the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs in a high glucose environment through a series of in vitro experiments	Liu et al[105]
USC	miR-486-5p	miR-486-5p/SERPINE1	Hyp-USC-exos carrying miR-486-5p can inhibit the activity of SERPINE1 in endothelial cells, promote angiogenesis, and accelerate the healing process	Fan et al[106]

ADSC: Adipose-derived stem cells; BMSC: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; HUCMSC: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; HFMSC: Human follicle mesenchymal stem cells; GMSC: Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells; USC: Urine-derived stem cells; lncRNA: Long noncoding RNA; FGF4: Fibroblast growth factor 4; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; HUVEC: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; DFU: Diabetic foot ulcer; EPC: Endothelial progenitor cell; HaCaT: Human keratinocyte cell line; Hyp-USC-exos: Exosomes from hypoxic urine-derived stem cells.