Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2024; 15(6): 1272-1279
Published online Jun 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1272
Table 1 Clinical parameters of patients with healthy subjects, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with hypertension
Clinical parameters
Healthy subjects (n = 101)
T2DM (n = 97)
T2DM + HP (n = 70)
P value
Age, yr48.06 ± 9.9049.04 ± 12.8052.00 ± 11.500.068
Male, n (%)48 (48)61 (63)39 (56)0.094
Hight, cm165.10 ± 7.50166.87 ± 9.25164.66 ± 7.530.199
Wight, kg64.14 ± 10.5872.50 ± 15.34172.23 ± 13.801< 0.001
BMI, kg/m223.44 ± 2.8425.85 ± 3.90126.51 ± 4.021< 0.001
BSA, m21.68 ± 0.171.79 ± 0.2411.78 ± 0.211< 0.001
SBP, mmHg123.26 ± 10.82127.65 ± 14.701137.07 ± 17.341,2< 0.001
DBP, mmHg77.85 ± 7.6579.25 ± 10.5986.64 ± 10.201,2< 0.001
HR, bpm69.85 ± 9.7675.22 ± 9.60179.10 ± 12.721,2<0.001
FPG, mmol/L4.95 (4.59, 5.25)10.53 (7.87, 14.07)18.91 (7.57, 10.97)1< 0.001
HbA1c, %5.45 ± 0.389.73 ± 2.2718.85 ± 2.491,2< 0.001
TC, mmol/L4.54 ± 0.854.37 ± 0.904.70 ± 1.140.102
TG, mmol/L1.21 (0.88,1.78)1.53 (0.97, 2.15)12.00 (1.38, 2.83)1,2< 0.001
HDL-C, mmol/L1.27 ± 0.301.09 ± 0.2911.04 ± 0.281< 0.001
LDL-C, mmol/L2.68 ± 0.702.65 ± 0.792.81 ± 0.990.556
LPA, g/L0.17 (0.11, 0.28)0.14 (0.06, 0.24)0.14 (0.08, 0.25)0.231
BUN, mmol/L4.75 (3.60, 5.70)5.50 (4.60, 6.30)15.50 (4.50, 7.40)10.001
SCR, μmol/L61.00 (55.00, 76.00)59.00 (49.30, 71.10)64.00 (54.00, 87.00)20.030
Medication, n (%)
    ACEI/ARB--32 (46)
    Calcium channel blocker--37 (53)
    β-blocker--4 (6)
    SGLT-2 inhibitor-18 (19)28 (40)
    Metformin-59 (61)38 (54)
    Insulin-55 (57)35 (50)
Table 2 Echocardiographic parameters among healthy subjects, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and type 2 diabetes mellitus + hypertension patients
Echocardiographic parameters
Healthy subjects (n = 101)
T2DM (n = 97)
T2DM + HP (n = 70)
P value
LAd, mm34.00 ± 2.9735.03 ± 3.04136.69 ± 3.911,2< 0.001
LAV index, mL/m229.17 ± 7.1932.20 ± 6.80130.92 ± 8.100.016
IVSd, mm9.21 ± 0.799.01 ± 0.989.71 ± 0.951,2< 0.001
LVPWd, mm9.01 ± 0.808.81 ± 0.939.53 ± 1.001,2< 0.001
LVDd, mm46.39 ± 2.9545.85 ± 3.4946.89 ± 3.400.124
LVEDV, mL76.61 ± 15.1769.57 ± 20.54176.77 ± 22.2620.018
LVESV, mL27.19 ± 6.6525.01 ± 8.1427.93 ± 8.7620.037
LVEF, %64.56 ± 3.7464.35 ± 2.8963.54 ± 2.710.080
MAPSE, mm14.47 ± 1.4414.23 ± 1.7513.42 ± 2.071,20.002
E, m/s0.83 ± 0.130.78 ± 0.1410.78 ± 0.1610.008
A, m/s0.68 ± 0.160.69 ± 0.150.82 ± 0.181,2< 0.001
E/A1.27 ± 0.291.16 ± 0.2911.00 ± 0.361,2< 0.001
e’, m/s0.11 ± 0.020.10 ± 0.020.10 ± 0.110.117
E/e’7.62 ± 1.548.30 ± 1.6319.00 ± 2.471,2< 0.001
Table 3 Layer-specific global longitudinal strain and peak strain dispersion among healthy subjects, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and type 2 diabetes mellitus + hypertension patients

Healthy subjects (n = 101)
T2DM (n = 97)
T2DM + HP (n = 70)
P1 value
Ptrend value
GLSepi, %-18.66 ± 1.58-17.33 ± 1.931-16.74 ± 1.931,2< 0.001< 0.001
GLSmid, %-21.58 ± 1.843-19.87 ± 2.211,3-19.28 ± 2.161,3< 0.001< 0.001
GLSendo, %-25.03 ± 2.243,4-22.97 ± 2.561,3,4-22.48 ± 2.501,3,4< 0.001< 0.001
PSD, msec28.79 ± 7.2534.92 ± 11.19139.23 ± 11.471,2< 0.001< 0.001
P2 value< 0.001< 0.001< 0.001
Table 4 Intraclass correlation coefficients for intra- and interobserver variability for layer-specific global longitudinal strain and peak strain dispersion
Variable
Interobserver variability
Intraobserver variability
ICC
95%CI
ICC
95%CI
GLSendo0.9590.896-0.9840.9640.909-0.986
GLSmid0.9650.911-0.9860.9730.933-0.989
GLSepi0.9590.898-0.9840.9750.936-0.990
PSD0.9550.887-0.9820.9760.939-0.990