Copyright
©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2024; 15(6): 1122-1141
Published online Jun 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1122
Published online Jun 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1122
Plant | Vasorelaxation | Diabetes | 1Ref. | ||||
Component/extract | Part | Effect | Component/extract | Part | Effect | ||
Securigera securidaca L. | Hydroalcoholic extract | Seed | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in hyper-cholesterolemic rats | Hydroalcoholic extract | Seed | Anti-diabetic | [61,62] |
Parkia biglobosa | Aqueous extract | Seed | Smooth muscle vasorelaxation via endothelium due to PGs | Hydromethanolic extract | Stem bark | Anti-diabetic | [63,64] |
Orthosiphon stamineus | Eupatorin | - | Endothelium-intact aortic ring vasorelaxation on contraction by KCl and endothelium-denuded aortic ring vasorelaxation on contraction by PE | Water extract, methanolic extract | Aerial parts | Anti-diabetic | [65,66] |
Rosa damascena Mill. | 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol | Spent flower | Vasorelaxation on rat aorta and mesenteric artery without vascular endothelium effect | Methanolic extract | Flower | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [67,68] |
Eruca sativa Mill. | Crude extract, fractions | - | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation on aortic rings of normotensive rats and endothelium-independent vasorelaxation on aortic rings of hypertensive rats | Hexane fraction and its fatty acid-rich fraction | Leaf | Anti-diabetic | [69,70] |
Echinodorus grandiflorus | Ethanolic extract and its butanol fraction | Leaf | Vasorelaxation on resistance vessels by releasing PGI2 and NO through B2-bradykininergic and endothelial M3- muscarinic receptors and then activating K+ channels in vascular smooth muscle | Ethanolic extract | Leaf | Antiglycation | [52,71] |
Gynura procumbens | Aqueous extract, methanolic extract | Leaf | Vasorelaxation by activating muscarinic M3 receptors in the existence of endothelium and vasorelaxation on rat thoracic aorta through cholinergic pathway | Leaf extract | Leaf | Anti-diabetic | [52,72] |
Garcinia cowa | Leaf extract | Leaf | Vasorelaxation by activating KATP and generating prostanoids and NO | Compounds 4 and 8 | Leaf | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [73,74] |
Bauhinia forficata Link | Ethyl-acetate plus butanol fraction, kaempferitrin, kaempferol | Leaf | Vasorelaxation on the thoracic aorta of hypertensive and normotensive rats | Methanolic extract | Leaf, stem | Hypoglycemic | [39,75] |
Nelumbo nucifera | Extracts of spornioderm | Spornioderm | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by activating PI3K-eNOS-sGC pathway | Seed extract | Seed | Hypoglycemic | [76,77] |
Cimicifuga racemosa | Black cohosh extract | Vasorelaxation by way of endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms on pre-contracted rat thoracic aortic rings by NE | Extract Ze 450 | Decreasing plasma glucose in ob/ob mice with diabetes | [78,79] | ||
Crocus sativus L. | Crocetin | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation through endothelial NO | Crocins | Stigma | Decreasing levels of glucose and increasing expression of insulin in zebrafish embryo | [80,81] | |
Morus alba | Root bark extract | Root bark | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation partially via NO-cGMP pathway containing TEA sensitive K+ channels activation | Kuwanon H, morin, morusin, oxyresveratrol, kuwanon G | Root bark | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [46,82] |
Erigeron breviscapus Hand Mazz. | Scutellarin | Endothelium-independent vasorelaxation on thoracic artery rings by blocking the influx of extracellular Ca2+ as independent from VDCCs | Scutellarin | Induces autophagy signal pathway by upregulating autophagy-related factors and blocks apoptotic signal pathway by downregulating apoptosis-related factors, and consequently relief of type 2 DC | [83,84] | ||
Vernonia amygdalina | Ethanolic extract | Leaf | Vasorelaxation by upregulating NO/cGMP and PGI2 signalization pathways and modulating muscarinic and β2-adrenergic receptor levels, and Ca2+/K+ channels | Leaf extracts | Leaf | α-amylase inhibitor | [54,85] |
Glycyrrhiza uralensis | 50% ethanolic extract | Vasorelaxation in endothelium-intact aortic rings pre-contracted with PE and KCl | Glycyrrhiza flavonoids | Root | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [86,87] | |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | S. miltiorrhiza extract | Vasorelaxation of renal, mesenteric, and femoral arteries at low extract concentration and vasorelaxation of coronary arteries at all extract concentrations tested | S. miltiorrhiza extract | Root | Hypoglycemic | [88,89] | |
Sophora alopecuroides | Oxysophoridine | Vasorelaxation on thoracic aorta rings by being related to KATP and KV channels | Aloperine | Aerial parts | Hypoglycemic | [90,91] | |
Coriandrum sativum | Coriander crude extract | Vasorelaxation on contracted rabbit aorta with PE and K+ (80 mM) | Aqueous extract | Leaf, stem | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [53,92] | |
Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. | Ethanolic extract | Rhizome | Induction of eNOS-derived NO production | Ethanolic extract | Rhizome | Amelioration of diabetic nephropathy | [58,93] |
Sorbus commixta Hedl. | Methanolic extract | Cortex | Vasorelaxation on vascular smooth muscle through NO-cGMP pathway | Lupenone, lupeol | Stem bark | PTP1B inhibitor | [94,95] |
Aronia melanocarpa | Conjugated cyanidins, chlorogenic acids | Juice | Inducing endothelial NO production in a coronary artery by getting eNOS phosphorylation due to redox-sensitive activation of the Src/PI3-kinase/Akt pathway | Juice | Hypoglycemic | [96,97] | |
Annona squamosa | Esquamosan | Leaf | Endothelium-independent vasorelaxation on isolated rat aorta via prevention of intracellular Ca2+ increasing by blocking VDCCs and intracellular storage channels in VSMCs | Hexane extract | Hypoglycemic | [98,99] | |
Artemisia herba alba | Aqueous extract | Vasorelaxation through endothelial NO production | Aqueous extract | Leaf or bark | Lowering blood glucose levels | [100,101] | |
Ajuga iva (L.) Schreber (Labiatae) | Aqueous extract | In vitro, NO-mediated and NO-independent vasorelaxation; ex vivo, endothelium-independent vasorelaxation | Lyophilized aqueous extract | Whole plant | Hypoglycemic | [102,103] | |
Mansoa hirsuta D.C. | Ethanolic extract | Leaf | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation | Fraction | α-amylase inhibitor | [104,105] | |
Mentha longifolia | N-butanol fraction | Aerial parts | Endothelium-independent relaxation owing to increase of cAMP and cGMP levels by blocking diverse PDEs | Anti-diabetic | [40,106] | ||
Euphorbia humifusa Willd. | Total flavonoids of E. humifusa | Vasorelaxation on rat thoracic aorta with endothelium-dependent NO-cGMP signaling by inducing PI3K/Akt-and Ca2+-eNOS-NO signaling pathway; relaxation of VSMCs by stimulating NO-sGC-cGMP-protein kinase G signaling via L-type Ca2+ channel activity inhibition | Vitexin and astragalin | Whole plant | Anti-diabetic | [42,107] | |
Sophora flavescens | Ethanolic extract | Root | Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle via the endothelium-dependent NO-sGC-cGMP signaling pathway | Four minor flavonoids (1-4) | Root | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [108,109] |
Kaempferia parviflora | Ethanolic extract | Rhizome | Vasorelaxation in a dose-dependent manner on aortic rings pre-contracted with PE | Anti-diabetic | [19,110] | ||
Angelica decursiva | 70% ethanolic extract | Root | Endothelium-independent vasorelaxation via KATP channels as well as blocking of Ca2+ influx through VDCCs and ROCCs | Coumarins 1-6 | α-glucosidase inhibitor, PTP1B inhibitor | [111,112] | |
Hintonia latiflora | H. latiflora extract, neoflavonoid coutareagenin | Bark | Vasorelaxation on aortic rings pre-contracted with NE | H. latiflora extract, neoflavonoid coutareagenin | Bark | Diminishing blood glucose | [113,114] |
Kaempferia galanga L. | Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate | Rhizome | Endothelium-independent but K+ channel-dependent vasorelaxation | Novel K. galanga rhizome essential oil rich in ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate | Rhizome | Anti-diabetic | [115,116] |
Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. | 70% ethanolic extract | Bark | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation on isolated rat aortic rings through NO/sGC/cGMP and PGI2 pathway; vasorelaxation partially via KCa, KATP, KV, and Kir channels | 70% ethanolic extract | Leaf | Anti-diabetic | [116,117] |
Bacopa monnieri | Saponins (bacoside A and bacopaside I), flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin) | Endothelium-intact vasorelaxation and endothelium-denuded vasorelaxation | Bacosine | Antihyperglycemic | [118,119] | ||
Haloxylon scoparium | Aqueous extract | Vasorelaxation via Ca2+ channels blockade | Decoctate, methanolic extract, macerated methanol, ethyl; acetate extract | Aerial part | A-glucosidase inhibitor, a-amylase inhibitor, ß-asides inhibitor | [56,120] | |
Swietenia macrophylla King | 50% ethanolic extract | Seed | Inhibiting IP3R, blocking VOCC and activating K+ channels; vasorelaxation via β2-adrenergic pathway and NO/sGC/cGMP signaling pathways | Limonoids | Fruit | Anti-diabetic | [48,121] |
Eucalyptus globulus | Aqueous extract | Leaf | Dose-dependent vasorelaxation on aortic rings by inducing NO production | Amelioration of hyperglycemia | [122,123] | ||
Plumeria rubra | Aqueous-methanolic extract | Leaf | Concentration-dependent vasorelaxation on PE-induced spastic contractions and K+ (80 mM)-induced spastic contractions | Compounds 1-4, 7, 8, and 16 | Flower | α-glucosidase inhibitor, PTP1B inhibitor | [41,124] |
Prunus persica | P. persica extract | Branch | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation via NO-sGC-cGMP, vascular PGI2, and muscarinic receptor transduction pathways; vasorelaxation partially through KATP, BKCa, and KV channels | Anti-diabetic | [19,125] | ||
Prunus yedoensis Matsum. | Methanolic extract | Bark | Vasorelaxation due to activation of NO production through L-Arg and NO-cGMP pathways; vasorelaxation through blockade of extracellular Ca2+ channels | P. yedoensis extract | Leaf | Antihyperglycemic | [126,127] |
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge | Ethanolic extract | Leaf | Vasorelaxation on vascular smooth muscle through Akt- and SOCE-eNOS-sGC pathways | Wood | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [128,129] | |
Passiflora edulis | Hydroethanolic extract | Fruit peel | Vasorelaxation on mesenteric artery rings via activation of K+ channels | Aqueous extract | Fruit peel | Anti-diabetic | [129,130] |
Apium graveolens L. | Seed extract | Seed | Vasorelaxation through inhibition of ROCCs and VDCCs, the release of EDHF, and activation of Kv channels | Leaf extract | Leaf | Reducing pre-prandial blood glucose levels and post-prandial blood glucose levels in pre-diabetic elderly patients | [60,131] |
Phyllanthus niruri L. | Methyl brevifolincarboxylate | Leaf | Inhibition of NE-induced vasoconstriction via ROCCs partially mediated by (Ca2+)i decrease | Aqueous extract, ethanolic extract | Aerial part | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [132,133] |
Marrubium vulgare | Crude extracts | Aerial part | Inhibiting KCl-induced contraction on the rat aorta | Aqueous extract | Anti-diabetic | [134,135] | |
Psoralea corylifolia L. | P. corylifolia extract, bakuchiol, isobavachalcone, isopsoralen, psoralen | Seed | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation through NO-cGMP pathway; attenuating PE-induced vasoconstriction by inhibiting TRPC3 channels in a dose-dependent manner | Compounds 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 | Seed | DGAT1 inhibitor, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [57,136] |
Ginkgo biloba | Terpenoids (bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, and C) and flavonoids (quercetin and rutin) | Concentration-dependent vasorelaxation | G. biloba extract | Antihyperglycemic | [137,138] | ||
Rubus chingii | Ethanolic extract | Dried fruit | Vasorelaxation via Ca2+-eNOS-NO signaling in endothelial cells and later NO-sGC-cGMP-KV channel signaling in VSMCs | Ursane-type triterpenes | Fruit | PTP1B inhibitor | [55,139] |
Bidens pilosa | Neutral extract | Leaf | Vasorelaxation and behaving as a Ca2+ antagonist | B. pilosa formulation | Anti-diabetic | [140,141] | |
Allium sativum | L-arginine in aged garlic extract | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation on the aorta by inducing NO formation | Silver nanoparticles | Bulb | Anti-diabetic | [142,143] | |
Petroselinum crispum | Aqueous extract | Aerial part | Vasorelaxation via VOCCs and ROCCs | P. crispum extract | Leaf | Decreasing blood glucose | [144,145] |
Curcuma longa | Curcubisabolanin A | Rhizome | Partially endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by regulating NO production in vascular endothelial cells via the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway | Enhancing postprandial serum insulin levels with ingestion of 6 g of C. longa | [146,147] | ||
Allium cepa | A. cepa peel hydroalcoholic extract | Peel | Decreasing aortic contractions probably through depression of Ca2+ influx from extracellular to intracellular, without including endothelium, NO, cGMP, and PGs | Diminishing blood glucose | [148,149] | ||
Alpinia zerumbet | Essential oil | Leaf | Vasorelaxation by inhibiting both Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release from intracellular storage; vasorelaxant effect via NOS/sGC pathway | Labdadiene | Rhizome | Antiglycation | [43,150] |
Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. | 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-d-glucose | Root cortex | Concentration-dependent vasorelaxation on rat aorta pre-contracted with PE | Extract of moutan cortex | Root | Improving inflammation in AGEs-induced mesangial cell dysfunction and high-glucose-fat diet and STZ-induced DN rats | [151,152] |
Nigella sativa | Seed extract | Seed | Endothelium-independent vasorelaxation on contraction stimulated by PE and KCl via inhibition of extracellular Ca2+ influx, KATP channels, and IP3-mediated receptors | Crude aqueous extract | Seed | In vitro, suppressing electrogenic intestinal absorption of glucose directly; in vivo, ameliorating both body weight and glucose tolerance after chronic oral administration in rats | [153,154] |
Myrciaria cauliflora Berg | Hydroalcoholic extract | Fruit peel | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation via NO/sGC/cGMP pathway | M. cauliflora extract | Lyophilized fruit | Hypoglycemic | [155,156] |
Morus bombycis Koidzumi | 100% ethanolic extract | Root bark | Vasorelaxation on isolated rat aortic preparations | 2,5-dihydroxy-4,3-di(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-trans-stilbene | Root | Hypoglycemic | [157,158] |
Humulus lupulus L. | Aqueous hop extract | Vasorelaxation through NOS activation, COX products, and Ca2+ pathways in both male and female rats | Xanthohumol | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [159] | ||
Sesamum indicum L. | Petroleum ether soluble fraction of root extract | Root | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation | Decreasing fasting blood sugar | [160,161] | ||
Hibiscus sabdariffa | Hibiscus acid | Vasorelaxation by depression of intracellular Ca2+ influx through VDCCs | Ethyl acetate extract, ethanolic extract, aqueous extract | Flower | Anti-diabetic | [162,163] | |
Jasminum sambac | Hydroalcoholic leaf extract | Leaf | Vasorelaxation completely on endothelium-intact rabbit aorta contracted with PE; vasorelaxation partially on endothelium-intact rabbit aorta contracted with NE | Polyphenol extract | Leaf | Preventing and having a therapeutic effect on DC | [59,164] |
Hancornia speciosa Gomes | Ethanolic extract | Leaf | NO- and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation on rat aortic preparations through PI3K activation | Aqueous extract | Latex | Hypoglycemic | [165,166] |
Pseuderanthemum palatiferum | Water extract | Leaf | Vasorelaxation via partially vascular endothelium not with NO production and muscarinic receptor activation | 80% ethanolic leaf extract | Leaf | Hypoglycemic | [167,168] |
Terminalia superba | Methylene chloride extract, methylene chloride-methanol extract | Stem bark | Vasorelaxation partially via depression of extracellular Ca2+ influx and/or suppression of intracellular Ca2+ releasing in VSMCs; vasorelaxation via endothelial NO | Methylene chloride-methanol extract | Leaf | Anti-diabetic | [49,169] |
Guazuma ulmifolia | Procyanidin fraction | Bark | Vasorelaxation through endothelium-related factors, including NO | Aqueous extract | Anti-diabetic | [170,171] | |
Persea americana Mill. | Aqueous leaf extract | Leaf | Vasorelaxation through endothelial NO production and releasing | Hydroalcoholic extract | Leaf | Anti-diabetic | [172,173] |
Capparis aphylla | Crude extract | Aerial part | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation partially via atropine-sensitive NO pathway; endothelium-independent vasorelaxation partially via the Ca2+ channel blocking activity | Methanolic extract, active fraction | Stem | Decreasing blood glucose levels | [174,175] |
Rheum undulatum | Piceatannol in rhizome extract | Rhizome | Vasorelaxation through endothelium-dependent NO signaling pathway | E-viniferin, piceatannol, and δ-viniferin in methanolic extract | Rhizome | PTP1B inhibitor | [176,177] |
Globularia alypum | G. alypum extract | Vasorelaxation due to EDHF via endothelial muscarinic receptor activation | Methanolic extract, water extract | Leaf | Reducing fasting blood glucose | [178,179] | |
Gmelina arborea | Hexane extract | Leaf | Concentration-dependent vasorelaxation on isolated rat aorta | Aqueous extract | Bark | Antihyperglycemic | [50,180] |
Coscinium fenestratum | C. fenestratum extract | Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation on isolated aortic rings precontracted with PE and KCl | Alcoholic stem extract | Stem | Anti-diabetic | [181,182] | |
Myrtus communis L. | Crude methanolic extract | Aerial part | Vasorelaxation on isolated rabbit aorta preparations contracted with PE and K+ | Volatile oil | Hypoglycaemic | [183,184] | |
Thymus linearis Benth. | N-butanolic fraction | Aerial part | Endothelium-independent vasorelaxation due to increase in cAMP and cGMP via inhibition of several PDEs | Ethyl acetate extract, combined extract | Aerial part | Α-amylase inhibitor | [185,186] |
Vitex agnus-castus | V. agnus-castus extract | Fruit | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation via NO/cGMP and PGs production in the aorta | Hydroalcoholic extract | Desiccated fruit | Hypoglycemic | [51,187] |
Anogeissus leiocarpus | Aqueous extract | Trunk bark | Endothelium-dependent NO-mediated vasorelaxation on porcine coronary arteries via redox-sensitive Src/PI3-kinase/Akt pathway-dependent activation of eNOS | Supernatant fraction, total extract | Root | Anti-diabetic | [188,189] |
Zanthoxylum armatum DC | Tambulin in methanolic extract | Fruit | Influencing directly vascular smooth muscle through cAMP and/or cGMP-related relaxing pathways | Fruit, bark, and leaf extracts | Fruit, bark, and leaf | Anti-diabetic | [190,191] |
Cymbopogon martinii | Crude methanolic extract | Leaf | Partial vasorelaxation on isolated rabbit aortic preparations contracted with PE and K+ | Α-glucosidase inhibitor | [192,193] | ||
Moringa oleifera | M. oleifera leaf extract | Leaf | Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation through EDHF-mediated hyperpolarization; endothelium-independent vasorelaxation due to inhibition of extracellular Ca2+ influx through VOCCs and ROCCs and suppression of sarcolemmal Ca2+ releasing through IP3R Ca2+ channels | Methanolic extract | Pods | Anti-diabetic | [194,195] |
Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen | Butein | Vasorelaxation on rat aorta; the novel cAMP-specific PDE inhibitor; vasorelaxant action related intact endothelium | Compounds in ethyl acetate soluble fraction | Heartwood | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [196,197] | |
Coptis chinensis | Berberine | Decreasing expression of miR-133a; enhancing BH4 levels and production of NO | Polysaccharide | Anti-diabetic | [38,198] | ||
Angelica keiskei | Xanthoangelol, 4-hydroxyderricin, xanthoangelol E and F in EtOAc-soluble fraction, xanthoangelol B in EtOAc-soluble fraction | Root | Blocking PE-induced vasoconstriction through EDRF/NO synthesis and/or attenuation of PE-induced (Ca2+)i increase; blocking PE-induced vasoconstriction by reducing (Ca2+)i increase and directly inhibiting smooth muscle contraction | Flavonoid-rich ethanolic extract | Leaf | Hypoglycemia | [199,200] |
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | Baicalin | Vasorelaxation on the mesenteric artery by stimulating BKCa channels and blocking VDCCs with endothelium-independent mechanisms, moreover by inducing cGMP/PKG and cAMP/PKA pathways | Root polysaccharide | Root | α-amylase inhibitor, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [201,202] | |
Ocimum gratissimum | Essential oil | Dose-dependent vasorelaxation on resistance blood vessels of rat mesenteric vascular beds completely via NO; dose-dependent vasorelaxation on rat aorta partially mediated by NO | Chicoric acid in leaf extract | Leaf | Hypoglycemic | [203,204] |
Fabaceae | Lamiaceae | Rosaceae | Brassicaceae | Myrtaceae |
Securigera securidaca L.; Parkia biglobosa; Bauhinia forficata Link; Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen; Glycyrrhiza uralensis; Sophora alopecuroides; Sophora flavescensi; Psoralea corylifolia L. | Orthosiphon stamineus; Thymus linearis Benth; Gmelina arborea; Vitex agnus-castus; Ocimum gratissimum; Marrubium vulgare; Salvia miltiorrhiza; Mentha longifolia; Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi; Ajuga iva (L.) Schreber | Rosa damascena Mill.; Sorbus commixta Hedl.; Aronia melanocarpa; P. mume Sieb. et Zucc.; Prunus persica; P. yedoensis Matsum.; Rubus chingii | Eruca sativa Mill. | Eucalyptus globulus; Myrciaria cauliflora Berg; Myrtus communis L. |
Alismataceae | Asteraceae | Nelumbonaceae | Clusiaceae | Apocynaceae |
Echinodorus grandiflorus | Gynura procumbens; E. breviscapus Hand Mazz.; Vernonia amygdalina; Artemisia herba alba; Bidens pilosa | Nelumbo nucifera | Garcinia cowa | Plumeria rubra; Hancornia speciosa Gomes |
Iridaceae | Moraceae | Apiaceae | Annonaceae | Sapindaceae |
Crocus sativus L. | Morus alba; Morus bombycis Koidzumi | Coriandrum sativum; Angelica decursiva; Apium graveolens L.; Petroselinum crispum; L. chuanxiong Hort.; Angelica keiskei | Annona squamosal | Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge |
Poaceae | Bignoniaceae | Euphorbiaceae | Zingiberaceae | Passifloraceae |
Cymbopogon martinii | Mansoa hirsuta D.C. | E. humifusa Willd. | Kaempferia parviflora; Kaempferia galanga L.; Curcuma longa; Alpinia zerumbet | Passiflora edulis |
Rubiaceae | Plantaginaceae | Amaranthaceae | Meliaceae | Phyllanthaceae |
Hintonia latiflora | Bacopa monnieri; Globularia alypum | Haloxylon scoparium | S. macrophylla King | Phyllanthus niruri L. |
Moringaceae | Ginkgoaceae | Amaryllidaceae | Paeoniaceae | Ranunculaceae |
Moringa oleifera | Ginkgo biloba | Allium sativum; Allium cepa | P. suffruticosa Andr. | Nigella sativa; Coptis chinensis; Cimicifuga racemosa |
Cannabaceae | Pedaliaceae | Malvaceae | Oleaceae | Acanthaceae |
Humulus lupulus L. | Sesamum indicum L. | Hibiscus sabdariffa; Guazuma ulmifolia | Jasminum sambac | P. palatiferum |
Combretaceae | Lauraceae | Capparaceae | Polygonaceae | Menispermaceae |
Terminalia superba; Anogeissus leiocarpus | Persea americana Mill. | Capparis aphylla | Rheum undulatum | Coscinium fenestratum |
Rutaceae | ||||
Z. armatum DC |
- Citation: Demirel S. Vasorelaxant effects of biochemical constituents of various medicinal plants and their benefits in diabetes. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(6): 1122-1141
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i6/1122.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1122