Pathological effects of diabetic mice with Helicobacter pylori infection

Figure 1 Identification of the HPBS001 strain. A: Colony on a solid plate observed with the naked eye; B: Viewed under an optical microscope (1000 ×) after Gram staining; C: Results of the cytotoxin-associated gene A PCR.

Figure 2 Fasting blood glucose and pancreatic pathological changes in diabetic mice infected with Helicobacter pylori. A and B: Fasting blood glucose changes at different time points; C: Pancreatic pathological changes; D: Transmission electron microscopy examination of the pancreas. ^NSP > 0.05, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, ^dP < 0.0001. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Figure 3 Body weight, pathological changes in gastric mucosa, and Helicobacter pylori colonization in diabetic mice infected with Helicobacter pylori. A and B: Changes in body weight at different time points; C: Hematoxylin-eosin staining of the stomach; D: Helicobacter pylori colonization in the stomach. ^NSP > 0.05, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, ^dP < 0.0001. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Figure 4 Liver and kidneys in diabetic mice infected with Helicobacter pylori at different time points (hematoxylin-eosin staining). H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Figure 5 Immunohistochemistry of organs and Helicobacter pylori virulence factor detection in diabetic mice. A: Representative tissue section images; B-D: Quantitative analysis of positive cells (%) in gastric, pancreatic, and hepatic tissues; E and F: Percentage of cells positive for virulence factors: Cytotoxin-associated gene A and Vacuolating cytotoxin A. ^NSP > 0.05, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, ^dP < 0.0001. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Figure 6 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of feces from diabetic mice infected with Helicobacter pylori. A: Beta diversity of the microbiome; B: Canonical correspondence analysis plots; C and D: Alpha diversity; E: Relative abundance of the microbiota at the genus level; F: Relative abundance of the microbiota at the phylum level; G: Linear discriminant analysis effect size comparison of the gut microbiota. C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 represent pre-infection, and post-infection in the 1^st, 5^th, 9^th, and 13^th months, respectively. ^NSP > 0.05, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, ^dP < 0.0001.