Long-term and short-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and its association with glycolipid metabolic disorders

Figure 1 Associations of long-term air pollutant exposure with the risk of diabetes and dyslipidaemia, and of specific PM_2. 5 components with the risk of diabetes and dyslipidaemia. A: Associations of long-term air pollutant exposure with the risk of diabetes; B: Associations of long-term air pollutant exposure with the risk of dyslipidaemia; C: Specific PM_2.5 components with the risk of diabetes; D: Specific PM_2.5 components with the risk of dyslipidaemia. Results are presented across sequentially adjusted models: Crude model (unadjusted); model 1 (adjusted for age, gender, residence, education, and marital status); model 2 (further adjusted for smoking and drinking status); model 3 (additionally adjusted for provincial distribution). Arrow indicates direction of effect. PM₁: Particulate matter 1; PM_2.5: Particulate matter 2.5; PM₁₀: Particulate matter 10; O₃: Ozone. SO₄^2-: Sulfate ion; NO₃^-: Nitrate ion; Cl^-: Chloride ion; NH₄⁺: Ammonium ion.

Figure 2 Associations between short-term air pollutant exposure and the risk of diabetes and dyslipidaemia, and between specific PM_2. 5 components and the risk of diabetes and dyslipidaemia. A: Associations of short-term air pollutant exposure with the risk of diabetes; B: Associations of short-term air pollutant exposure with the risk of dyslipidaemia; C: Specific PM_2.5 components with the risk of diabetes; D: Specific PM_2.5 components with the risk of dyslipidaemia. Results are shown across sequentially adjusted models: The crude model (unadjusted); model 1 (adjusted for age, gender, residence, education, and marital status); model 2 (additionally adjusted for smoking and drinking status); and model 3 (further adjusted for provincial distribution). PM₁: Particulate matter 1; PM_2.5: Particulate matter 2.5; PM₁₀: Particulate matter 10; O₃: Ozone. SO₄^2-: Sulfate ion; NO₃^-: Nitrate ion; Cl^-: Chloride ion; NH₄⁺: Ammonium ion.