Breastfeeding was associated with lower risks of maternal postpartum hypertension and diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Figure 1  PRISMA flow diagram for article selection for meta-analysis.

Figure 2  Risk of bias graph: The review authors' judgments about each risk of bias item are presented as percentages across all included studies.

Figure 3  Risk of bias summary: Review authors' judgments about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Figure 4 Forest plot. A: The hazard ratio (HR) of lactation for the risk of diabetes among parous women who previously had gestational diabetes mellitus; B: The HR of lactation for the risk of diabetes among parous women; C: The odds ratio of lactation for the risk of hypertension among parous women. IV: Inverse-variance method; SE: Standard error.

Figure 5 Funnel plots for publication bias assessment. A: Funnel plot to analyze the odds ratios for hypertension risk among parous women; B: Funnel plot for the analysis of risk for diabetes hazard ratio among parous women. SE: Standard error; OR: Odds ratios.