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World J Diabetes. Mar 15, 2026; 17(3): 115304
Published online Mar 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i3.115304
Published online Mar 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i3.115304
Associations of black coffee and black coffee supplemented with milk with diabetes in China: A community-based cross-sectional study
Yi Zeng, Nan-Fang Yao, Hua-Lan Chen, Jie Shen, School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
Yi Zeng, Pei-Yi Li, Zhi Chen, Nan-Fang Yao, Hong Ye, Zi-Hao Gui, Hua-Lan Chen, Lan Liu, Heng Wan, Jie Shen, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Shunde, Foshan 528308, Guangdong Province, China
Pei-Yi Li, Department of Nutrition, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Shunde, Foshan 528308, Guangdong Province, China
Pei-Yi Li, Zhi Chen, Lan Liu, Heng Wan, Jie Shen, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Metabolic Disorders Interdisciplinary Precision Prevention and Digital Healthcare, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Shunde, Foshan 528308, Guangdong Province, China
Co-first authors: Yi Zeng and Pei-Yi Li.
Co-corresponding authors: Heng Wan and Jie Shen.
Author contributions: Zeng Y and Li PY conducted the data analyses and drafted the manuscript; Chi Z, Yao NF, Ye H, Gui ZH, and Chen HL conducted the data acquisition; Wan H, Li L, and Shen J performed the conceptualization and revised the manuscript; All authors approved the final version to publish. Zeng Y and Li PY contributed equally as first authors. Shen J and Wan H made equal contributions as co-corresponding authors.
Supported by Foshan Self-Funded Science and Technology Innovation Projects, No. 2420001004610.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (No. 20211103.)
Informed consent statement: All study participants provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Data sharing statement: The data supporting the study findings are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
Corresponding author: Heng Wan, Associate Professor, Postdoc, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Shunde, No. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan 528308, Guangdong Province, China. wanhdr@smu.edu.cn
Received: October 15, 2025
Revised: November 24, 2025
Accepted: February 4, 2026
Published online: March 15, 2026
Processing time: 149 Days and 0.5 Hours
Revised: November 24, 2025
Accepted: February 4, 2026
Published online: March 15, 2026
Processing time: 149 Days and 0.5 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This community-based cross-sectional study in Canton, China, enrolled 6876 participants to explore the association between coffee consumption (including milk-added coffee) and diabetes prevalence as well as glucose metabolism. With relatively few relevant studies in China compared to European and American countries, results showed coffee and milk-added coffee were negatively correlated with diabetes, elevated 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, and elevated glycated hemoglobin levels.