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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Sep 15, 2025; 16(9): 105138
Published online Sep 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i9.105138
Published online Sep 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i9.105138
Exploring the relationship between health knowledge, health literacy, self-care, self-efficacy, and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Sasikala D Amirthalingam, Malanashita Ganeson, Chandramani Thuraisingham, Verna K M Lee, Chun Wai Chan, Cheong Lieng Teng, Department of Family Medicine, IMU University, Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Lokman H Sulaiman, School of Medicine, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Federal Territory, Malaysia
Sivarajan Ramasamy, Non-Communicable Disease Unit, Department of State Health, Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Mohamad A Bujang, Clinical Research Centre, Sarawak General Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuching 93586, Negeri Sarawak, Malaysia
Author contributions: Amirthalingam SD, Ganeson M, Thuraisingham C, Lee VKM, Sulaiman LH, Ramasamy S, and Teng CL developed the study protocol; Amirthalingam SD, Ganeson M, Thuraisingham C, Lee VKM, and Teng CL assisted in the data collection; Teng CL and Bujang MA performed the statistical analysis; Amirthalingam SD, Ganeson M, Thuraisingham C, Lee VKM, Chan CW, Sulaiman LH, Ramasamy S, Bujang MA, and Teng CL participated in the manuscript writing and read and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by the IMU University Internal Grant, No. CSc-Sem6(12)2022.
Institutional review board statement: This study obtained ethical approval from Research and Ethics Committee of IMU University, No. CSc-Sem6(12)2022.
Informed consent statement: All participants gave informed written consent prior to the study.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement—a checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-a checklist of items.
Data sharing statement: Dataset is available from the corresponding author at cheonglieng_teng@imu.edu.my.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Cheong Lieng Teng, Professor, Department of Family Medicine, IMU University, Jalan Dr Muthu, Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Received: January 13, 2025
Revised: March 30, 2025
Accepted: July 28, 2025
Published online: September 15, 2025
Processing time: 241 Days and 22.4 Hours
Revised: March 30, 2025
Accepted: July 28, 2025
Published online: September 15, 2025
Processing time: 241 Days and 22.4 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: A comprehensive evaluation of multiple variables among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus revealed substantial suboptimal glycemic control and low self-care practices but acceptable diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, health literacy, and medication adherence. Self-care was associated with self-efficacy and medication adherence. Prospective cohort studies are needed to explore whether these factors influence diabetes outcomes.