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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Dec 15, 2025; 16(12): 110770
Published online Dec 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i12.110770
Published online Dec 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i12.110770
Association of ICAM-1 Gene Polymorphisms with Diabetic Retinopathy in T2DM Patients from Northern India: Case-control and meta-analysis
Navdeep Kaur, Shiwali Goyal, Vanita Vanita, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
Indu R Singh, Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Daljit Singh Eye Hospital, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
Co-first authors: Navdeep Kaur and Shiwali Goyal.
Author contributions: Kaur N contributed to the experimental studies and statistical analysis; Kaur N and Goyal S contributed to data analysis and contributed equally to this manuscript to be designated as co-first authors; Singh IR contributed to the clinical studies; Vanita V contributed to the concept and design and definition of intellectual content; Kaur N, Goyal S, and Vanita V contributed to the literature search; Kaur N and Vanita V contributed to the data acquisition; Goyal S and Vanita V contributed to manuscript preparation and editing; All the authors contributed to the manuscript review and read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, No. BT/IN/German/13/VK/2010; and the Department of Science and Technology, under the SERC FAST Track scheme for young scientists, No. SR/FT/LS-025/2008.
Institutional review board statement: The current study was approved by the Guru Nanak Dev University’s Ethics Committee (Date: 29 July 2013; No. 1447A/HG) which is in compliance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration (2013 revision).
Informed consent statement: All study participants, or their legal guardian, provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Data sharing statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Vanita Vanita, PhD, Professor, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, GT Road, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
Received: June 16, 2025
Revised: August 17, 2025
Accepted: November 10, 2025
Published online: December 15, 2025
Processing time: 184 Days and 6.8 Hours
Revised: August 17, 2025
Accepted: November 10, 2025
Published online: December 15, 2025
Processing time: 184 Days and 6.8 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This study explored the association of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene polymorphisms (rs5498 and rs1799969) with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from northern India. A significant association was found between the rs5498 GG genotype and increased DR risk. A meta-analysis of nine studies revealed no consistent association overall or in Asians but a significant associa