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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Nov 15, 2025; 16(11): 111366
Published online Nov 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i11.111366
Published online Nov 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i11.111366
Association between circulating sex hormone levels and diabetic kidney disease in men and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Yi Shi, An-Dong Zhou, Hui-Yu Zou, Man-Man Wang, Fen Xu, Meng-Yin Cai, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
Yao Zhang, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhaoqing Hospital, Zhaoqing 510630, Guangdong Province, China
Co-first authors: Yi Shi and Yao Zhang.
Co-corresponding authors: Fen Xu and Meng-Yin Cai.
Author contributions: Shi Y and Zhang Y contributed to the data analysis and interpretation, and manuscript drafting; they contributed equally to this manuscript and are co-first authors. Shi Y, Zhang Y, Zhou AD, and Zou HY contributed to the data collection; Shi Y, Zhang Y, and Wang MM contributed to the conception and design of the study; Xu F and Cai MY participated in the manuscript revision and editing; they contributed equally to this manuscript and are co-corresponding authors. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Shi Y and Zhang Y contributed equally to this manuscript and are co-first authors. Xu F and Cai MY contributed equally to this manuscript and are co-corresponding authors.
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82270942.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. II2024-056-01 Guangzhou, China.
Informed consent statement: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Data sharing statement: The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors without undue reservation.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Meng-Yin Cai, PhD, Chief Physician, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
Received: July 7, 2025
Revised: August 22, 2025
Accepted: October 22, 2025
Published online: November 15, 2025
Processing time: 132 Days and 11.7 Hours
Revised: August 22, 2025
Accepted: October 22, 2025
Published online: November 15, 2025
Processing time: 132 Days and 11.7 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This was a retrospective study that comprehensively analyzed the relationship between sex hormones and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in men and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Few studies have focused on the association between gonadal hormones and DKD. In this study, we identified the relationship between gonadotropins and the risk of DKD for the first time and between overall sex hormone levels and DKD, providing a new perspective for the diagnosis and treatment of DKD.