Process-based nursing using explanation-simulation-practice-communication-support model for pain management after liver cancer intervention

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in the two groups, n (%)

General information	Control group (n = 250)	Observation group (n = 250)	χ2/t	P value
Gender			0.298	0.585
Male	145 (58.00)	151 (60.40)
Female	105 (42.00)	99 (39.60)
Lesion location			0.457	0.496
Left lobe	72 (28.80)	75 (30.00)
Right lobe	125 (50.00)	128 (51.20)
Bilobar	53 (21.20)	47 (18.80)
Number of lesions			0.090	0.765
Solitary	182 (72.80)	179 (71.60)
Multiple	68 (27.20)	71 (28.40)
Maximum lesion diameter			0.130	0.719
≥ 5 cm	138 (55.20)	142 (56.80)
< 5 cm	112 (44.80)	108 (43.20)
Child-Pugh classification			0.093	0.760
Grade A	64 (25.60)	67 (26.80)
Grade B	186 (74.40)	183 (73.20)
Age (year), mean ± SD	58.62 ± 6.37	58.33 ± 6.40	0.508	0.612
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	22.56 ± 1.44	22.51 ± 1.48	0.383	0.702
Number of interventional treatments, mean ± SD	3.10 ± 0.86	3.06 ± 0.82	0.532	0.595

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Comparison of postoperative pain scores between the two groups, mean ± SD

Group	Case	2 hours postoperatively	6 hours postoperatively	12 hours postoperatively	24 hours postoperatively
Control	250	4.36 ± 1.03	3.69 ± 0.82	3.13 ± 0.65	2.51 ± 0.82
Observation	250	4.18 ± 0.85	3.31 ± 0.67	2.89 ± 0.58	1.82 ± 0.69
t	-	2.131	5.674	4.356	10.180
P value	-	0.034	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Table 3 Comparison of psychological status scores between the two groups, mean ± SD

Group	Case	HADS-A		HADS-D
		Before	After	Before	After
Control	250	14.95 ± 2.51	8.43 ± 1.82a	14.01 ± 2.40	7.26 ± 1.76a
Observation	250	15.09 ± 2.55	7.15 ± 1.57a	13.98 ± 2.32	6.72 ± 1.49a
t	-	0.619	8.420	0.142	3.703
P value	-	0.536	< 0.001	0.887	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs the pre-intervention level in the same group.

HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression.

Table 4 Comparison of quality of life scores between the two groups, mean ± SD

Group	Case	Physiological status		Social/family status		Emotional state		Function status
		Before	After	Before	After	Before	After	Before	After
Control	250	14.05 ± 2.18	24.40 ± 2.77a	10.53 ± 1.82	16.06 ± 2.12a	13.61 ± 2.72	25.70 ± 3.12a	12.61 ± 2.45	16.84 ± 2.86a
Observation	250	14.03 ± 2.15	26.25 ± 3.01a	10.49 ± 1.90	18.33 ± 2.65a	13.65 ± 2.77	28.35 ± 3.43a	12.74 ± 2.53	18.45 ± 3.03a
t	-	0.103	7.151	0.240	10.576	0.163	9.037	0.584	6.110
P value	-	0.918	< 0.001	0.810	< 0.001	0.871	< 0.001	0.560	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs the pre-intervention level in the same group.

Table 5 Comparison of complication incidence rates between the two groups, n (%)

Group	Number of cases	Puncture site hematoma	Infection	Dysuria/urinary retention	Venous thrombosis	Total
Control group	250	9 (3.60)	5 (2.00)	2 (0.80)	2 (0.80)	18 (7.20)
Observation group	250	5 (2.00)	2 (0.80)	1 (0.40)	0 (0.00)	8 (3.20)
χ2	-	-	-	-	-	4.057
P value	-	-	-	-	-	0.044