Relationship between uric acid and colon cancer risk: Dose-response analysis and mechanisms

Table 1 Comparison of general data among different groups, n (%)

UA, mg/dL	Q1 (0.67-4.40)	Q2 (4.41-5.41)	Q3 (5.42-6.29)	Q4 (6.30-15.14)	P value
Age, years					< 0.001
< 60	1040 (52.13)	1177 (58.12)	1295 (63.67)	1361 (67.18)
≥ 60	955 (47.87)	848 (41.88)	739 (36.33)	665 (32.82)
Gender					< 0.001
Male	597 (29.92)	961 (47.46)	1211 (59.54)	1729 (85.34)
Female	1398 (70.08)	1064 (52.54)	823 (40.46)	297 (14.66)
BMI, kg/m2					< 0.001
< 18.5	86 (4.31)	27 (1.33)	16 (0.79)	7 (0.35)
18.5-24.9	1501 (75.24)	1349 (66.62)	1339 (65.83)	1041 (51.38)
25.0-29.9	362 (18.15)	557 (27.51)	547 (26.89)	765 (37.76)
≥ 30.0	46 (2.31)	92 (4.54)	132 (6.49)	213 (10.51)
Smoking history					< 0.001
Yes	1768 (88.62)	1702 (84.05)	1730 (85.05)	1581 (78.04)
No	227 (11.38)	323 (15.95)	304 (14.95)	445 (21.96)
Drinking history					< 0.001
Yes	1808 (90.63)	1703 (84.10)	1698 (83.48)	1459 (72.01)
No	187 (9.37)	322 (15.90)	336 (16.52)	567 (27.99)
Family history					0.019
Yes	1957 (98.10)	1983 (97.93)	2007 (98.67)	2006 (99.01)
No	38 (1.90)	42 (2.07)	27 (1.33)	20 (0.99)
Diabetes					< 0.001
Yes	1802 (90.33)	1893 (93.48)	1915 (94.15)	1876 (92.60)
No	193 (9.67)	132 (6.52)	119 (5.85)	150 (7.40)
Hypertension					< 0.001
Yes	1736 (87.02)	1701 (84.00)	1771 (87.07)	1619 (79.91)
No	259 (12.98)	324 (16.00)	263 (12.93)	407 (20.09)
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.49 ± 0.67	2.58 ± 0.68	2.59 ± 0.70	2.61 ± 0.67	< 0.001
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.37 ± 0.42	1.29 ± 0.32	1.24 ± 0.30	1.15 ± 0.26	< 0.001

UA: Uric acid; BMI: Body mass index; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Uric acid and colon cancer risk in different models

Variables	OR	95%CI	P value
	Model 11
UA	0.69	0.66-0.72	< 0.001
	Model 22
UA	0.65	0.62-0.68	< 0.001
	Model 33
UA	0.65	0.61-0.69	< 0.001

¹In model 1, uric acid was included in the univariate logistic regression analysis.

²In model 2, age and gender were adjusted in the multivariate logistic analysis.

³In model 3, all confounders were adjusted in, including age, gender, body mass index, smoking history, alcohol consumption history, family history, diabetes, hypertension, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; UA: Uric acid.

Table 3 Threshold effect analysis in different gender groups

UA, mg/dL	Total (n = 8080)		Males (n = 4498)		Females (n = 3582)
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Turingpoint	4.79		4.69		4.83
< Turingpoint	0.43 (0.37-0.49)	< 0.001	0.34 (0.26-0.44)	< 0.001	0.39 (0.33-0.47)	< 0.001
> Turingpoint	0.78 (0.72-0.84)	< 0.001	0.73 (0.67-0.80)	< 0.001	1.01 (0.88-1.15)	0.9362
P value		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001

UA: Uric acid; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.