Application of multimodal fusion technology in early recurrence prediction and pathological analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Scanning parameters of different computed tomography devices

Devices	Revolution aca (GE)	Ingenuity core 64 (Philips)	Revolution (GE)
Layer thickness (mm)	5	5	5
Layer interval (mm)	5	5	5
Tube voltage (kV)	120	120	120
Tube current (mA)	50	30	50
Matrix	512 × 512	512 × 512	512 × 512
Threshold of ROI (HU)	100	150	120

HU: Hounsfield unit; ROI: Region of interest.

Table 2 Baseline clinical characteristics analysis

Clinical feature	Training set (n = 133)			Validation set (n = 58)
	No early recurrence (n = 77)	Early recurrence (n = 56)	P value	No early recurrence (n = 35)	Early recurrence (n = 23)	P value
Age (year)	54.49 ± 10.24	51.04 ± 10.88	0.063	50.46 ± 10.31	50.17 ± 9.73	0.917
BMI (kg/m2)	22.26 ± 3.46	22.00 ± 2.54	0.632	21.71 ± 3.41	22.80 ± 2.29	0.183
HBsAg (IU/mL)	967.49 ± 869.13	1019.11 ± 726.57	0.496	1141.26 ± 1046.98	1141.35 ± 762.88	0.893
AFP (ng/mL)	369.27 ± 494.96	539.03 ± 519.80	0.012	523.78 ± 532.39	473.20 ± 539.57	0.975
ALB (g/L)	39.35 ± 5.21	39.18 ± 4.60	0.842	41.55 ± 7.36	38.83 ± 4.59	0.069
AST (IU/L)	82.31 ± 135.98	51.94 ± 27.49	0.758	64.54 ± 69.10	68.47 ± 71.76	0.169
ALT (IU/L)	75.34 ± 118.98	50.77 ± 37.14	0.531	62.21 ± 77.61	74.23 ± 98.27	0.474
Sex, n (%)			0.016			0.08
Female	17 (22.08)	3 (5.36)		9 (25.71)	1 (4.35)
Male	60 (77.92)	53 (94.64)		26 (74.29)	22 (95.65)
Drinking, n (%)			0.173			1
No	54 (70.13)	32 (57.14)		24 (68.57)	15 (65.22)
Yes	23 (29.87)	24 (42.86)		11 (31.43)	8 (34.78)

BMI: Body mass index; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; ALB: Albumin; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.

Table 3 Clinical model construction

Dataset	Model name	Accuracy	AUC	95%CI	Sensitivity	Specificity
Training	RandomForest	0.677	0.766	0.6884-0.8443	0.893	0.519
Test	RandomForest	0.517	0.650	0.5106-0.7900	0.870	0.286
Training	ExtraTrees	0.632	0.678	0.5881-0.7671	0.661	0.61
Test	ExtraTrees	0.534	0.598	0.4506-0.7457	0.696	0.429
Training	MLP	0.579	0.634	0.5398-0.7281	0.839	0.39
Test	MLP	0.466	0.504	0.3482-0.6605	0.913	0.171

AUC: Area under the curve; MLP: Multi-layer perceptron.

Table 4 Predictive indicators for different models

Dataset	Model	Accuracy	AUC	95%CI	Sensitivity	Specificity
Training	Clinical	0.677	0.766	0.6884-0.8443	0.893	0.519
Test	Clinical	0.517	0.650	0.5106-0.7900	0.870	0.286
Training	Radiomics	0.729	0.785	0.7083-0.8608	0.625	0.805
Test	Radiomics	0.759	0.743	0.6018-0.8840	0.652	0.829
Training	Habitat	0.774	0.887	0.8328-0.9413	0.732	0.805
Test	Habitat	0.741	0.830	0.7239-0.9357	0.87	0.657
Training	Combined	0.857	0.941	0.9058-0.9764	0.946	0.792
Test	Combined	0.845	0.933	0.8735-0.9923	0.826	0.857

AUC: Area under the curve.

Table 5 Correlation analysis between different characteristics and microvascular invasion, Ki67, GPC-3 expression, and pathological grading in hepatocellular carcinoma

	MVI		Ki-67		GPC-3		Grading
	r value1	P value	r value1	P value	r value1	P value	r value1	P value
wavelet_HLH_firstorder_Skewness_CT	0.0535	0.4625	-0.0461	0.5267	0.1425	0.0492	0.0441	0.5451
h2_wavelet_LHH_glszm_LargeAreaLowGrayLevelEmphasis	-0.0148	0.8389	0.0354	0.6271	0.0042	0.9535	-0.0664	0.3613
h1_log_sigma_3_0_mm_3D_firstorder_90Percentile	0.1792	0.0131	0.1462	0.0435	0.0572	0.4319	-0.0196	0.7883
h3_wavelet_HLH_gldm_SmallDependenceHighGrayLevelEmphasis	0.0758	0.2975	0.0514	0.4805	0.0077	0.9154	-0.0605	0.4056
h3_wavelet_HHL_firstorder_RootMeanh3_squared	0.0687	0.3452	-0.0729	0.3163	0.1703	0.0185	0.0198	0.786
h3_wavelet_HHL_firstorder_Kurtosis	0.028	0.7007	-0.0464	0.5238	-0.0733	0.3133	0.001	0.9891
h1_wavelet_LHH_glrlm_LowGrayLevelRunEmphasis	-0.3128	< 0.001	-0.1574	0.0297	-0.1179	0.1042	0.0141	0.8467
h1_logarithm_ngtdm_Coarseness	-0.0491	0.5004	-0.0097	0.8940	0.0301	0.6797	0.1327	0.0672
h1_original_glszm_ZoneVariance	0.0926	0.2024	0.0223	0.7596	0.0289	0.6918	0.1272	0.0796
h3_gradient_firstorder_Skewness	0.1075	0.1389	0.0235	0.7474	0.113	0.1195	0.0261	0.7201
h1_lbp_3D_m1_glszm_HighGrayLevelZoneEmphasis	0.159	0.0281	0.1189	0.1013	0.0419	0.5651	0.0321	0.6594

¹Pearson correlation coefficient.