Predictive model for non-malignant portal vein thrombosis associated with cirrhosis based on inflammatory biomarkers

Table 1 Baseline of demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients

Characteristics	non-PVT (n = 286)	PVT (n = 286)	P value
Age [mean (SD)]	52.60 (11.61)	52.87 (12.02)	0.783
Sex, n (%)
Male	161 (56.30)	163 (57.00)	0.933
Female	125 (43.70)	123 (43.00)
BMI [mean (SD)]	22.71 (3.28)	22.70 (3.02)	0.952
Etiology, n (%)
AIH	40 (14.00)	20 (7.00)	0.001
Hepatitis	200 (69.90)	189 (66.10)
Others	46 (16.10)	77 (26.90)
Ascites, n (%)
No	154 (53.80)	60 (21.00)	< 0.001
Yes	132 (46.20)	226 (79.00)
GOV, n (%)
No	73 (25.50)	7 (2.40)	< 0.001
Yes	213 (74.50)	279 (97.60)
ALBI grade, n (%)
1	95 (33.20)	53 (18.50)	< 0.001
2	163 (57.00)	192 (67.10)
3	28 (9.80)	41 (14.30)
CTP, n (%)
A	106 (37.10)	58 (20.30)	< 0.001
B	136 (47.60)	145 (50.70)
C	44 (15.40)	83 (29.00)

PVT: Portal vein thrombosis; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; GOV: Gastroesophageal varices; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin grading; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh score.

Table 2 Baseline information on laboratory tests and inflammatory markers

Characteristics [mean (SD)]	non-PVT (n = 286)	PVT (n = 286)	P value
PLT	78.93 (48.65)	70.31 (60.19)	0.06
ALB	38.50 (6.87)	35.87 (6.21)	< 0.001
PT	14.80 (3.52)	16.41 (6.53)	< 0.001
PTA	71.29 (20.97)	63.24 (15.56)	< 0.001
INR	1.30 (0.32)	1.42 (0.45)	< 0.001
D-D	1.84 (2.75)	3.75 (5.42)	< 0.001
PVD	12.86 (2.34)	14.89 (3.34)	< 0.001
SVD	8.64 (2.90)	10.43 (3.50)	< 0.001
PVV	21.08 (5.34)	19.86 (6.19)	0.012
GLR	102.36 (189.29)	78.97 (97.41)	0.064
SII	258.89 (285.64)	298.02 (473.51)	0.232
ANRI	40.18 (70.91)	27.31 (46.83)	0.011
PNI	43.51 (7.67)	39.47 (6.60)	< 0.001
NLR	3.42 (3.23)	4.04 (3.21)	0.022
PLR	92.75 (74.60)	110.43 (77.54)	0.006
ALRI	107.63 (256.37)	77.70 (66.09)	0.056

PLT: Platelet count; ALB: Albumin; PT: Prothrombin time; PTA: Prothrombin activity; INR: International normalized ratio; D-D: D-dimer; PVD: Portal vein diameter; SVD: Splenic vein diameter; PVV: Portal vein velocity; GLR: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to lymphocyte count ratio; SII: Systemic immune-inflammation index; ANRI: Aspartate transaminase to neutrophil ratio index; PNI: Prognostic nutritional index; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; ALRI: Aspartate transaminase to lymphocyte ratio index; PVT: Portal vein thrombosis.

Table 3 The results of univariate and multivariate analysis

Characteristics	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	OR	CI	P value	OR	CI	P value
Etiology
AIH	Reference			Reference
Hepatitis	1.890	1.066-3.350	0.029	1.772	0.869-3.613	0.115
Others	3.348	1.749-6.408	0.000	2.893	1.309-6.395	0.009
Ascites
No	Reference			Reference
Yes	4.394	3.043-6.346	0.000	2.007	1.27-3.174	0.003
GOV
No	Reference			Reference
Yes	13.660	6.165-30.266	0.000	5.844	2.385-14.321	0.000
ANRI
< 48	Reference			Reference
≥ 48	0.418	0.257-0.677	0.000	0.457	0.249-0.839	0.011
INR
< 1.27	Reference			Reference
≥ 1.27	2.646	1.887-3.710	0.000	1.389	0.722-2.672	0.326
PLR
≤ 68.06	Reference			Reference
> 68.06	1.846	1.305-2.610	0.001	2.308	1.474-3.615	0.000
ALB, g/L
< 43	Reference			Reference
≥ 43	0.292	0.185-0.460	0.000	0.700	0.387-1.269	0.240
D-D, μg/mL
≤ 2.52	Reference			Reference
> 2.52	4.860	3.345-7.059	0.000	2.795	1.805-4.33	0.000
PLT, × 109/L
< 85	Reference			Reference
≥ 85	0.420	0.286-0.615	0.000	0.520	0.306-0.884	0.016
PT, s
< 14.4	Reference			Reference
≥ 14.4	2.458	1.755-3.442	0.000	1.279	0.67-2.441	0.456
PVD, mm
< 14.5	Reference			Reference
≥ 14.5	3.613	2.509-5.202	0.000	2.110	1.345-3.31	0.001
PVV, cm/s
< 20.05	Reference			Reference
≥ 20.05	0.515	0.369-0.718	0.000	0.640	0.424-0.965	0.033
SVD, mm
< 8	Reference			Reference
≥ 8	3.680	2.511-5.394	0.000	1.281	0.772-2.128	0.338

AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; GOV: Gastroesophageal varices; ANRI: Aspartate transaminase to neutrophil ratio index; INR: International normalized ratio; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; ALB: Albumin; D-D: D-dimer; PLT: Platelet count; PT: Prothrombin time; PVD: Portal vein diameter; PVV: Portal vein velocity; SVD: Splenic vein diameter.

Table 4 The baseline of training and testing groups, n (%)

Characteristics	Training group (n = 402)	Testing group (n = 170)	P value
Etiology
AIH	44 (10.90)	16 (9.40)	0.572
Hepatitis	268 (66.70)	121 (71.20)
Others	90 (22.40)	33 (19.40)
Ascites
No	138 (34.30)	76 (44.70)	0.024
Yes	264 (65.70)	94 (55.30)
GOV
No	56 (13.90)	24 (14.10)	1.000
Yes	346 (86.1)	146 (85.90)
PLT
< 85	287 (71.40)	129 (75.90)	0.318
≥ 85	115 (28.60)	41 (24.10)
D-D
≤ 2.52	262 (65.20)	99 (58.20)	0.140
>2.52	140 (34.80)	71 (41.80)
PVD
< 14.5	253 (62.90)	114 (67.10)	0.398
≥ 14.5	149 (37.10)	56 (32.90)
PVV
< 20.05	196 (48.80)	89 (52.40)	0.487
≥ 20.05	206 (51.20)	81 (47.60)
ANRI
< 48	344 (85.60)	141 (82.90)	0.501
≥ 48	58 (14.40)	29 (17.10)
PLR
≤ 68.06	148 (36.80)	58 (34.10)	0.604
> 68.06	254 (63.20)	112 (65.90)

AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; GOV: Gastroesophageal varices; PLT: Platelet count; D-D: D-dimer; PVD: Portal vein diameter; PVV: Portal vein velocity; ANRI: Aspartate transaminase to neutrophil ratio index; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio.