Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in 2025: From molecular profiling to artificial intelligence-driven therapy

Figure 1 Key pathways driving gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor development and progression. VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; IGF-1R: Insulin-like growth factor receptor 1; SSTR: Somatostatin receptor; RAS: Rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; BRAF: B-Raf proto-oncogene; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MENIN: Multiple endocrine neoplasia protein; ERK: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; EWSR1: EWS RNA binding protein 1; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; TSC1/2: Tuberous sclerosis 1 and 2; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; 4-EBP1: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1; DAXX: Death domain-associated protein; ATRX: X-linked mental retardation and alpha-thalassemia syndrome protein; ATM: Ataxia telangiectasia; MGMT: O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; PLC: Phospholipase C; SHIP1: Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1; HIF1: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1; VHL: Von Hippel-Lindau; miR: Micro RNA; SK6: Ribosomal protein S6 kinase; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted.