Efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization with chemotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v17.i9.103816

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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1948-5204

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

World J Gastrointest Oncol. Sep 15, 2025; 17(9): 103816
Published online Sep 15, 2025. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i9.103816

Efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization with chemotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Xia Wang, Chun Bi, Cheng-Lei Fu, Xiao-Yan Lu, Dan Zhang, Yue Xiao, Xi-Heng Sun, Xiao Chen

Xiao Chen, Yue Xiao, Dan Zhang, Xia Wang, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, Jiangsu Province, China

Xi-Heng Sun, Department of Medical College, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou 225100, Jiangsu Province, China

Xiao-Yan Lu, Cheng-Lei Fu, Chun Bi, Department of Oncology, Siyang Hospital, Suqian 223700, Jiangsu Province, China

Co-first authors: Xiao Chen and Xi-Heng Sun.

Co-corresponding authors: Chun Bi and Xia Wang.

Author contributions: Chen X analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; Chen X, Sun XH, Bi C, and Wang X designed the research study; Chen X, Xiao Y, Zhang D, and Lu XY performed the research; Zhang D, Fu CL, Bi C, and Wang X provided financial support; Chen X and Sun XH contributed equally to this article and are co-first authors of this manuscript; Bi C and Wang X made equally important contributions to the design, implementation and writing of this study and are the co-corresponding authors of this manuscript.

Institutional review board statement: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (Approval No. XYFY2024-KL618-01).

Informed consent statement: As the study used anonymous and pre-existing data, the requirement for the informed consent from patients was waived.

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.

STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.

Data sharing statement: The authors declare that all data and materials supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Corresponding author: Xia Wang, Chief Physician, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 9 Kunpeng North Road, Xuzhou 221006, Jiangsu Province, China. wangxia_66@163.com

Received: January 5, 2025
Revised: June 29, 2025
Accepted: August 1, 2025
Published online: September 15, 2025
Processing time: 254 Days and 3.8 Hours

Core Tip

Core Tip: This study retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization combined with chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and programmed death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In conclusion, the combination of transarterial chemoembolization with chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and programmed death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors demonstrates good efficacy and a favorable safety profile, offering potential benefits for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.