Copyright
©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. Oct 15, 2025; 17(10): 109830
Published online Oct 15, 2025. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i10.109830
Published online Oct 15, 2025. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i10.109830
Tumor microenvironment phenotyping guides precision therapy in unresectable pancreatic cancer
Kai Zhao, Yong-Sheng Yang, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
Ming-Ming Xiao, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
Xiao Xiao, Department of Endocrinology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
Author contributions: Zhao K contributed to conceptualization, writing original draft, writing, review and editing; Xiao MM contributed to writing, review and editing, visualization; Yang YS contributed to writing, review and editing, supervision; Xiao X contributed to supervision, writing, review and editing, project administration; All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Xiao Xiao, MD, Research Fellow, Department of Endocrinology, Weifang People’s Hospital, No. 151 Guangwen Street, Kuiwen District, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China. xiaoxiao9011@sdsmu.edu.cn
Received: May 23, 2025
Revised: June 9, 2025
Accepted: September 8, 2025
Published online: October 15, 2025
Processing time: 144 Days and 18.5 Hours
Revised: June 9, 2025
Accepted: September 8, 2025
Published online: October 15, 2025
Processing time: 144 Days and 18.5 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This review highlights the importance of tumor microenvironment (TME) heterogeneity in treatment resistance for unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer. We propose a novel four-dimensional TME phenotyping framework integrating fibrosis, immunity, genomics, and metabolism to guide precision therapy. This approach enables dynamic, individualized treatment strategies and offers new prospects for improving patient outcomes.