Prevalence and resistance of Helicobacter pylori in a predominantly Hispanic population

Table 1 Baseline demographics of sample population (n = 987)

Variable	n (%)
Sex
Male	323 (32.86)
Female	660 (67.14)
Average age	57.03 (N/A)
Average years in the United States	37.98 (N/A)
Ethnicity
United States	266 (27.51)
Mexico	450 (46.43)
Central/South America	172 (17.68)
Asia	70 (7.14)
Other	12 (1.24)
Prior PPI
Yes	495 (50.15)
No	432 (43.77)
Unknown	60 (6.08)
Reasons for EGD
Abdominal pain	319 (32.29)
Abnormal growth/cancer	33 (3.34)
Anemia	47 (4.76)
Dysphagia	42 (4.25)
Early satiety	6 (0.61)
Gastric ulcer	6 (0.61)
Esophagitis	18 (1.82)
GERD	254 (25.71)
Nausea/vomiting	14 (1.42)
Occult blood in stool	13 (1.32)
PEG involvement	6 (0.61)
Weight loss	56 (5.67)
Other	11 (1.11)
None/unknown	163 (16.50)

PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Table 2 Patient characteristics based on county of origin (n = 969), n (%)

Country/region of origin	Male	Age, mean ± SD	Years in the United States, mean ± SD	Prior PPI	H. pylori infection
United States	104 (39.10)	45.69 ± 17.76	45.56 ± 17.84	113 (42.48)	22/266 (9.02)
Mexico	137 (30.51)	62.76 ± 11.03	37.95 ± 11.06	258 (57.33)	84/450 (18.67)
Central and South America	44 (26.04)	60.68 ± 11.45	33.21 ± 10.53	94 (54.97)	23/171 (13.45)
Asia	25 (35.71)	54.89 ± 11.87	21.88 ± 11.32	26 (37.14)	8/70 (11.43)
Other	5 (41.67)	56.92 ± 13.89	33.55 ± 15.51	4 (33.33)	3/12 (25.00)
Total	309 (32.56)	57.08 ± 15.20	38.01 ± 14.63	495 (51.08)	142/969 (14.65)

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 3 Relative risk of Helicobacter pylori infection (n = 969)

Variable	Relative risk (95%CI)	P value
Sex (reference male)
Female	0.85 (0.61-1.17)	0.31
Age	1.00 (0.98-1.01)	0.50
Country of origin (Reference United States)
Mexican origin	2.39 (1.48-3.86)	< 0.01a
Central/South American origin	1.59 (0.90-2.82)	0.11
Asian origin	1.27 (0.60-2.68)	0.54
PPI use
No prior PPI	1.93 (1.36-2.74)	< 0.01a

^aP < 0.01, statistical significance.

PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 4 Level of antibiotic resistance based on country of origin, n (%)

Country/region of origin	Amoxicillin resistance (n = 68)	Clarithromycin resistance (n = 70)	Metronidazole resistance (n = 63)	Levofloxacin resistance (n = 45)	Tetracycline resistance (n = 58)
United States	3/11 (27.27)	1/11 (9.09)	1/10 (10.00)	0/6 (0.00)	0/9 (0.00)
Mexico	4/45 (8.89)	12/46 (26.09)	6/43 (13.95)	11/31 (35.48)	0/38 (0.00)
Central and South America	0/9 (0.00)	2/9 (22.22)	1/8 (12.50)	3/6 (50.00)	0/7 (0.00)
Asia	0/1 (0.00)	0/2 (0.00)	0/0 (0.00)	0/1 (0.00)	0/3 (0.00)
Other	0/2 (0.00)	0/2 (0.00)	0/2 (0.00)	0/1 (0.00)	0/1 (0.00)
Total	7/68 (10.29)	15/70 (21.43)	8/63 (12.70)	14/45 (31.11)	0/58 (0.00)

Table 5 Level of dual resistances among the antibiotics used, n (%)

Antibiotic pair	Dual resistance
Amoxicillin + clarithromycin (n = 50)	1 (2)
Amoxicillin + metronidazole (n = 48)	0 (0)
Amoxicillin + levofloxacin (n = 32)	1 (3)
Amoxicillin + tetracycline (n = 50)	0 (0)
Clarithromycin + metronidazole (n = 44)	3 (7)
Clarithromycin + levofloxacin (n = 26)	7 (27)
Clarithromycin + tetracycline (n = 46)	0 (0)
Metronidazole + levofloxacin (n = 26)	3 (12)
Metronidazole + tetracycline (n = 44)	0 (0)
Levofloxacin + tetracycline (n = 28)	0 (0)