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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Dec 16, 2025; 17(12): 111782
Published online Dec 16, 2025. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v17.i12.111782
Published online Dec 16, 2025. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v17.i12.111782
Endoscopic management for gastrointestinal leaks, perforations, and fistulae: Technical tips and outcomes
Chhagan L Birda, Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
Jahnvi Dhar, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Punjab Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
Naveen Kumar, Department of Gastroenterology, Sri Harihar Hospital and Research Centre, Mandi 175021, Himachal Pradesh, India
Shubhra Mishra, Department of Gastroenterology, The Gastro Liver Hospital, Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India
Giuseppe Dell'Anna, Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
Cherring Tandup, Satish S Nagaraj, Department of General Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, Chandīgarh, India
Stefano F Crinò, Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, The Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, Verona 37129, Italy
Vikramjit Mitra, Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of North Tees, Stockton-on-Tees TS198PE, United Kingdom
Zaheer Nabi, Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad 500082, Telangana, India
Jayanta Samanta, Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, Chandīgarh, India
Author contributions: Bira CL and Samanta J contributed to the conception and design of the manuscript; all authors contributed to the literature review, analysis, data collection, and interpretation; Birda CL, Dhar J and Samanta J drafted the initial manuscript; Dhar J, Kumar N, Mishra S, Dell’Anna G, Tandup C, Nagaraj SN, Crinò SF, Mitra V, Nabi Z contributed to the critical revision of the initial manuscript; all the authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest for this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Jayanta Samanta, DM, Additional Professor, Department of Gas
Received: July 9, 2025
Revised: August 18, 2025
Accepted: November 4, 2025
Published online: December 16, 2025
Processing time: 160 Days and 10.6 Hours
Revised: August 18, 2025
Accepted: November 4, 2025
Published online: December 16, 2025
Processing time: 160 Days and 10.6 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This review comprehensively explores the endoscopic modalities for managing gastrointestinal (GI) tract defects like anastomotic leaks, perforations, and fistulae. The main highlights of this review are various endoscopic modalities like endoscopic clipping, endoscopic stenting, endoscopic suturing, endoscopic vacuum therapy, tissue sealants, endoscopic internal drainage, and novel device-assisted closure methods for management of these defects. We specifically emphasize application techniques and tricks of various endoscopic devices and their clinical outcomes in patients with GI tract defects.