Patterns of dietary supplement use among United States patients with steatotic liver disease: Vitamins, minerals and botanicals

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with steatotic liver disease with and without dietary supplement use, % (SE)

Variable	No dietary supplement use (n = 1355)	Dietary supplement use (n = 1058)	P value
Age			< 0.001
18-39 years old	40.1 (3.0)	13.5 (2.4)
40-59 years old	37.8 (3.0)	36.9 (3.2)
≥ 60 years old	22.0 (3.6)	49.6 (3.9)
Female	39.3 (2.6)	49.2 (3.1)	0.02
Race/ethnicity			0.001
Mexican American	20.0 (3.5)	5.4 (1.2)
Other Hispanic	7.5 (1.0)	4.9 (1.2)
Non-Hispanic White	53.5 (3.8)	76.7 (2.7)
Non-Hispanic Black	9.0 (1.4)	6.6 (1.5)
Non-Hispanic Asian	3.8 (0.7)	4.6 (1.1)
Other	6.5 (1.8)	1.8 (0.6)
Marital status			0.01
Married/living with partner	66.1 (4.3)	72.8 (3.4)
Widowed/divorced/separated	14.7 (2.7)	17.9 (1.5)
Never married	19.2 (3.1)	9.3 (2.6)
High school graduate/GED	86.5 (1.2)	93.0 (0.7)	< 0.001
Full food security	73.5 (2.0)	85.9 (1.6)	< 0.001
SNAP participation1	50.5 (4.3)	47.5 (6.5)	0.62
Obesity	73.1 (3.0)	67.1 (3.1)	0.12
Poverty income ratio > 185%	63.8 (3.0)	79.4 (1.6)	0.001
Diabetes	25.3 (2.1)	35.9 (4.0)	0.03
Current smoker	34.5 (4.2)	25.7 (4.3)	0.14
Hypertension	39.6 (3.7)	62.1 (4.3)	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	72.5 (3.3)	62.7 (3.7)	0.07
Advanced fibrosis	6.1 (1.2)	8.3 (2.4)	0.41
Liver disease etiology			0.02
MASLD	94.1 (0.7)	91.0 (1.9)
MetALD	3.9 (0.6)	8.4 (1.9)
ALD	1.7 (0.4)	0.6 (0.4)
Cryptogenic/specific	0.3 (0.2)	0 (0)
Aware of liver disease diagnosis	0.03 (0.03)	0.04 (0.01)	0.81

¹Supplemental Nutrition Program participation status in the last 12 months.

SNAP: Supplemental Nutrition Program; GED: General Education Department, MASLD: Metabolic Associated Steatotic Liver Disease; MetALD: Metabolic Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease; ALD: Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease.

Table 2 Top 10 reported motivations for dietary supplement use among patients with steatotic liver disease (All product types = 3792)

Motivation	% (SE)
Doctor’s advice	36.7 (1.8)
To improve overall health	22.1 (2.0)
To maintain health	19.2 (1.9)
To prevent health problems	9.9 (1.2)
For bone health	9.7 (0.9)
To supplement diet	9.5 (1.1)
To boost immunity	7.6 (1.2)
For heart health	7.7 (1.5)
For healthy joints	5.4 (1.0)
For healthy hair/nails	5.1 (1.1)

Table 3 Top 10 reported motivations of patients with steatotic liver disease with exclusive non-vitamin and non-mineral dietary supplement use

Motivation	% (SE)
To improve overall health	41.1 (9.4)
Doctor’s advice	15.2 (7.0)
For bowel health	7.6 (5.7)
To maintain health	10.8 (3.3)
To prevent health problems	7.2 (3.0)
For stress	6.9 (4.1)
For blood sugar	6.1 (2.8)
To boost immunity	6.0 (3.3)
For heart health	5.2 (1.6)
For healthy joints	4.8 (2.1)

Table 4 Top 10 dietary supplements per category among patients with steatotic liver disease

Dietary supplement	% (SE)
Vitamins
Vitamin B complex	16.2 (0.6)
Vitamin D	6.7 (0.4)
Vitamin C	4.2 (0.3)
Folate and derivates	2.9 (0.2)
Vitamin E and derivates	2.8 (0.2)
Vitamin A	2.2 (0.1)
Vitamin K and derivates	1.2 (0.2)
Choline	0.6 (0.1)
Minerals
Calcium	4.1 (0.2)
Magnesium	3.0 (0.2)
Zinc	2.2 (0.2)
Copper	1.8 (0.1)
Selenium	1.6 (0.1)
Manganese	1.6 (0.2)
Chromium	1.6 (0.1)
Iron	1.5 (0.2)
Iodine	1.4 (0.1)
Molybdenum	1.2 (0.1)
Botanicals
Turmeric	0.5 (0.1)
Saw palmetto	0.3 (0.1)
Cinnamon	0.3 (0.1)
Gingko biloba	0.3 (0.1)
Olive	0.2 (0.04)
Cranberry	0.2 (0.1)
Grape	0.2 (0.1)
Green tea	0.1 (0.1)
Garlic	0.1 (0.03)
Ginger	0.1 (0.04)
Amino acids
Taurine	2.6 (0.1)
Cysteine and derivatives	1.6 (0.1)
Glycine	0.2 (0.1)
Lysine	0.2 (0.1)
Glutamic acid and derivates	0.1 (0.1)
Alanine	0.1 (0.1)
Tyrosine	0.1 (0.1)
Arginine and derivates	0.1 (0.1)
Carnitine	0.1 (0.04)
Leucine	0.1 (0.1)
Other supplements
Omega 3 supplements	3.1 (0.2)
Fish oil	1.2 (0.1)
Lutein	0.8 (0.1)
Inositol	0.7 (0.2)
Lycopene	0.7 (0.1)
Glucosamine	0.6 (0.1)
Coenzyme Q10	0.5 (0.1)
Fiber	0.5 (0.1)
Chloride	0.4 (0.1)
Melatonin	0.3 (0.1)