Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Hepatol. Jul 27, 2022; 14(7): 1408-1420
Published online Jul 27, 2022. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i7.1408
Table 1 Clinical characteristics and lipid profile of West Mexico populations
VariablesNative American ancestry
Mestizos (low-to-high European ancestry)
Total WMXP value
NAH
WXK
TPC
GDL
CUQ
VP
SMA
n (%)84 (9.5)106 (12.0)184 (20.8)321 (36.4)131 (14.8)32 (3.6)26 (2.9)884 (100)
Age (yr)29.5 ± 1143.5 ± 1552.5 ± 8.336.4 ± 12.648 ± 15.440.4 ± 21.144 ± 1543.7 ± 14.80.022a
Male n (%)24 (29)41 (39)77 (42)91 (28)34 (26)13 (39)9 (35)289 (32.7)0.001d
Female n (%)60 (71)65 (61)107 (58)230 (72)97 (74)19 (61)17 (65)595 (67.3)0.001d
BMI (kg/m2)26.3 ± 4.3ND28.3 ± 4.733.8 ± 10.328.6 ± 5.826.4 ± 5.125.5 ± 3.829.9 ± 7.78 × 10-27c
TC (mg/dL)164.3 ± 39.8190.4 ± 37.1228.1 ± 49.2187.7 ± 42.4182.1 ± 34.4210 ± 52.6179.7 ± 37.2199.3 ± 48.81 × 10-35a
TG (mg/dL)151.5 ± 86.2150.6 ± 98.1197.3 ± 123.6161.6 ± 148.3150.6 ± 95171.7 ± 93.1148.9 ± 86.4169.7 ± 122.50.023a
LDL-c (mg/dL)95.6 ± 30.3120.2 ± 31.7158.4 ± 46.4114.5 ± 36.9107.3 ± 9.1141.5 ± 38.3111.3 ± 30.3128.8 ± 44.71 × 10-30a
VLDL-c (mg/dL)29.1 ± 28.624.8 ± 10.629 ± 1632.6 ± 30.430.3 ± 19.236.2 ± 23.329.8 ± 17.330.4 ± 23.00.350
HDL-c (mg/dL)39.5 ± 6.846.2 ± 10.641.1 ± 10.842.5 ± 14.444.0 ± 9.643 ± 3.539.9 ± 8.142.3 ± 11.20.010b
Table 2 Prevalence of the type of dyslipidemias in West Mexico populations
Dyslipidemia
Native American ancestry
Mestizos (low-to-high European ancestry)
Total WMX (n = 884)P value
NAH (n = 84)
WXK (n = 106)
TPC (n = 184)
GDL (n = 321)
CUQ (n = 131)
VP (n = 32)
SMA (n = 26)
HChol6 (7.1)41 (38.7)139 (75.5)113 (35.2)43 (32.8)21 (65.6)11 (42.3)374 (42.3)0.001a
HTG35 (41.7)36 (34.0)94 (51.1)116 (36.1)49 (37.4)15 (46.9)12 (46.2)357 (40.4)0.001b
High LDL-c13 (15.5)43 (40.6)137 (74.5)72 (22.4)24 (18.3)21 (65.6)7 (26.9)317 (35.8)0.003a
HALP42 (50.0)28 (26.4)87 (47.3)112 (34.9)45 (34.3)5 (15.6)15 (57.7)334 (37.8)0.002c
Table 3 Frequency of risk allele of polymorphisms associated with lipid disorders in West Mexican populations
Lipid abnormality
SNPs (risk allele)
Native American ancestry
Mestizos (low-to-high European ancestry)
Total WMX (n = 1324)
P value
NAH (n = 84)
WXK (n = 106)
TPC (n = 184)
GDL (n = 754)
CUQ (n = 131)
VP (n = 32)
SMA (n = 33)
Low HDL-cABCA1 R230C (RC + CC genotypes)15 (17.9)43 (40.6)24 (13.0)53 (7.0)18 (13.7)4 (12.5)2 (6.1)159 (12.0)0.010c
High TCeAPOE (E4 allele)21 (12.5)53 (25.0)ND145 (9.6)ND2 (3.1)2 (3.0)223 (8.4)2 × 10-12a
APOB-516C/T (T allele)49 (29.2)58 (27.4)ND433 (28.7)ND24 (37.5)18 (27.3)582 (22.0)0.129
LDLR A1413G (G allele) 121 (72.0)161 (75.9)ND1045 (69.3)ND42 (65.6)44 (66.7)1413 (53.5)0.047a
LDLR C*52T (C allele)124 (73.8)145 (68.4)ND1068 (70.8)ND55 (85.9)52 (78.8)1444 (54.7)0.045b
High TGeAPOE (E2 allele)0 (0)0 (0)ND51 (3.4)ND1 (1.6)7 (10.6)59 (2.2)0.028d
MTTP-493G/T (T allele)17 (10.1)2 (0.9)ND253 (16.8)ND11 (17.2)10 (15.2)293 (11.1)2 × 10-6b
MTHFR C677T (T allele)103 (61.3)111 (52.4)172 (46.7)670 (44.4)117 (44.6)25 (39.1)21 (31.8)930 (35.2)0.038b
Table 4 Clinical and biochemical characteristics and frequency of dyslipidemias in normal weight Mestizos individuals
Variable
Reference values
Study group
n 193
Age (yr)32.8 ± 12.3
Male55 (28.5%)
Female138 (71.5%)
BMI (kg/m2)18.5-24.9 22.3 ± 1.1
Total body fat (%)< 24%21.3 ± 6.1
Glucose (mg/dL)< 10084.4 ± 7.9
HOMA-IR< 2.51.7 ± 0.5
TC (mg/dL)< 200 180.1 ± 33.1
TG (mg/dL)< 150 112.2 ± 61.3
LDL-c (mg/dL)< 130109.2 ± 27.6
VLDL-c (mg/dL)< 25 22.5 ± 12.3
HDL-c (mg/dL)> 40 49.4 ± 13.7
AST (UI/L)< 54 26.3 ± 10.5
ALT (UI/L)< 4225.1 ± 14.1
GGT (UI/L)< 3520.2 ± 5.3
Dyslipidemia75 (38.9%)
HChol(TC > 200 mg/dL)54 (27.9%)
HTG(TG > 150 mg/dL)35 (18.1%)
High LDL-c(LDL-c ≥ 130 mg/dL)39 (20.2%)
HALP(HDL-c < 40 mg/dL)40 (20.7%)
Table 5 Association of APOB -516C/T and LDLR A1413G polymorphism with lipid levels in normal weight Mestizos individuals
VariableAPOB -516 C/T genotypes
P valueLDLR A1413G genotypes
P value
CC (n = 85)
CT (n = 54)
TT (n = 15)
AA (n = 22)
AG (n = 65)
GG (n = 63)
TC (mg/dL)177.8 ± 31178.2 ± 37.4196.2 ± 27.60.033a177.2 ± 25.7175.4 ± 33.1182.9 ± 34.70.366
TG (mg/dL)110.4 ± 68119.9 ± 71.3108.7 ± 25.90.574106.9 ± 47.598.7 ± 44.6124.3 ± 79.80.094
LDL-c (mg/dL)106.3 ± 24107.3 ± 30.6129.5 ± 31.60.017a103.3 ± 23.9106.2 ± 26.8111.8 ± 29.50.042b
VLDL-c (mg/dL)22 ± 13.624.3 ± 14.321.8 ± 5.10.45121.3 ± 9.519.7 ± 9.025.1 ± 16.00.075
HDL-c (mg/dL)49.3 ± 13.948.5 ± 10.750.3 ± 16.90.90851.1 ± 15.351.6 ± 11.846.8 ± 13.30.143
Dyslipidemia, n (%)
HChol9 (11)8 (15)6 (40)0.012a1 (5)8 (12)14 (22)0.034b
HTG15 (18)14 (26)0 (0)0.0763 (14)7 (11)15 (24)0.315
High LDL-c13 (15)12 (22)7 (47)0.007a3 (14)10 (15)17 (27)0.046b
HALP19 (22)10 (18)3 (20)0.7603 (14)8 (12)18 (13)0.178
Table 6 Association of APOB and LDLR genotypes with hypercholesterolemia in normal weight Mestizos individuals
Genotype
Non-HChol
HChol
P value
Genotype comparison
Odds ratio (95%CI)
P value
APOB -516C/T genotypes
CC76 (58.0%)9 (39.1%)0.120TT vs CC5.33 (1.537-18.502)0.008
CT46 (35.1%)8 (34.8%)0.895TT vs CC + CT4.63 (1.463-14.634)0.009
TT9 (6.9%)6 (26.1%)0.005TT vs CT3.83 (1.069-13.746)0.039
LDLR A1413G genotypes
AA21 (16.5%)1 (4.3%)0.135GG vs AA3.90 (1.042-14.583)0.043
AG57 (44.9%)8 (34.8%)0.340GG vs AA + AG2.53 (1.216-5.282)0.013
GG49 (38.6%)14 (60.9%)0.043GG vs AG2.24 (1.028-4.890)0.042
Table 7 Increased serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol associated with APOB and LDLR genotypes in individuals with normal weight from West Mexico
Genotype comparison
R2
β
95%CI
P value
APOB -516C/T
TT vs CC0.30 40.3914.415-66.3660.004
TT vs CC + CT0.2339.7916.226-63.3630.001
TT vs CT0.3139.010.996-67.0290.091
LDLR A1413G
GG vs AA0.1123.291.640-44.9460.036
GG vs AA + AG0.1120.775.763-35.7840.007
GG vs AG0.0819.740.915-37.2700.082