Smoking-induced liver injury and related diseases: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenic amplification, and clinical implications

doi:10.4254/wjh.119664

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World Journal of Hepatology

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1948-5182

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Hepatol. Jun 27, 2026; 18(6): 119664
Published online Jun 27, 2026. doi: 10.4254/wjh.119664

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Figure 1 Smoking-driven liver injury across etiologies: From toxicants to fibrosis and cancer. PAHs: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; UPR: Unfolded protein response; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; Treg: Regulatory T cell; MASLD: Metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ALD: Alcohol-related liver disease; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; AH: Aromatic hydrocarbon; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; ICC: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Citation: Wen X, Xue TY, Yang YH, Mai YP, Wang QS, Wang XX, Chen DB, Chen HS, Wang ZX. Smoking-induced liver injury and related diseases: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenic amplification, and clinical implications. World J Hepatol 2026; 18(6): 119664
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v18/i6/119664.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.119664

Wen X, Xue TY, Yang YH, Mai YP, Wang QS, Wang XX, Chen DB, Chen HS, Wang ZX. Smoking-induced liver injury and related diseases: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenic amplification, and clinical implications. World J Hepatol 2026; 18(6): 119664 [DOI: 10.4254/wjh.119664]

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