High-fat diet, gut dysbiosis, and oxidative stress: A synergistic triangle in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease pathogenesis

Figure 1 Interconnected roles of high-fat diet, gut dysbiosis, and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. The diagram illustrates how a high-fat diet induces gut microbiota imbalance and promotes oxidative stress, while gut dysbiosis further compromises intestinal barrier function and triggers systemic inflammation. These interacting pathways collectively drive hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative injury, and disease progression. MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

Figure 2 Antioxidant-based management strategies for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. The diagram illustrates promising antioxidant-based treatment for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), including lifestyle modifications (exercise and therapeutic diets), dietary and natural bioactive antioxidants, and pharmacological agents. They ameliorate MASLD mainly through normalizing lipid metabolism, modulating gut microbiota and barrier integrity, and attenuating inflammation and reactive oxygen species. GLP-1RAs: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; SGLT-2i: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; MD: Mediterranean diet; VitE: Vitamin E; VitC: Vitamin C; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.