Fertaric acid amends bisphenol A-induced toxicity, DNA breakdown, and histopathological changes in the liver, kidney, and testis

Figure 1 Pathological changes in the liver after treatment. A: Control group; B: Paraffin oil-treated group; C: Fertaric acid (FA)-treated group; D: Bisphenol A (BPA)-treated group; E: FA + BPA-treated group. The control, paraffin oil, and FA-treated rats (A, B, and C; H&E staining, 200 ×) showed a normal hepatic architecture with preserved hepatic architecture. On the contrary, in BPA-treated rats (D), there was rim edema in the periportal area (black arrows) which compressed the surrounding hepatocytes. Intra-cytoplasm vacuolation was noted. FA + BPA-treated rats (E) had a preserved hepatic lobular architecture.

Figure 2 Pathological changes in the kidney after treatment. A: Control group; B: Paraffin oil-treated group; C: Fertaric acid (FA)-treated group; D: Bisphenol A (BPA)-treated group; E: FA + BPA-treated rats. It is clear from these figures (H&E staining, 200 ×) that control, paraffin oil-, and FA-treated rats showed a normal size of glomeruli with normal tubules (A-C). BPA-treated rats (D) showed widespread coagulated necrosis with dilatation, vacuolar degeneration, epithelial desquamation, and intraluminal cast formation. FA + BPA-treated rats (E) revealed marked improvement in the histological picture which is comparable to that of the control group.

Figure 3 Pathological changes of the testis after treatment. A: Control group; B: Paraffin oil-treated group; C: Fertaric acid (FA)-treated group; D: Bisphenol A (BPA)-treated group; E: FA+BPA-treated group. It is clear from these figures that control, paraffin oil-, and FA-treated rats revealed well-layered seminiferous tubules with germ cells (A-C). In BPA-treated rats, testis tissue showed disrupted basement membrane and tubular epithelium (D). FA + BPA-treated rats (E) exhibited normal seminiferous tubules with germ cells.