“Second-generation” stem cells for cardiac repair

Table 1 Clinical trials evaluating new stem cells for cardiac repair following myocardial infarction

Study	n	Design	Type of cells	Delivery route	Clinical setting	Follow-up	Outcomes
Bartunek et al[95] (C-CURE)	47	Multicenter, randomized 2:1 (cells vs standard of care)	Autolo-gous bone marrow derived cardiopoietic MSCs	Endo- myocardial injection	Chronic ischemic heart failure (LVEF 15%-40%)	Safety 2 yr Efficacy 6 mo	Feasible and safe ↑ LVEF ↓ LVESV ↑ 6-min walk distance and improvements in QoL and NYHA
Bolli et al[113] (SCIPIO)	23	Unicenter, randomized 2:1 (cells vs standard of care)	Autolo-gous c-kit+/lin- CSCs	Intra-coronary infusion	Chronic ischemic heart failure (LVEF ≤ 40% four months post CABG)	12 mo	Feasible and safe ↑ LVEF ↓ Infarct size
Malliaras et al[122] (CADUCEUS)	25	Two centers, randomized 2:1 (cells vs standard of care)	Autolo-gous CDCs	Intra-coronary infusion	Chronic ischemic heart failure (1.5-3 mo after MI)	12 mo	Feasible and safe ↓ Infarct size ↑ Viable myocardium and regional contractility ≈ LVEF and ventricular volumes
Hare et al[144] (POSEIDON)	30	Multicenter, randomized 1:1 (autologous vs allogeneic cells)	Three different doses of autologous or allogeneic bone marrow derived MSCs	Endo-myocardial injection	Chronic ischemic heart failure (LVEF ≤ 50%)	12 mo	Feasible and safe ≈ LVEF Autologous ↑ 6-min walk distance and QoL Allogeneic ↓ LVEDV

↑: Indicates increased; ↓: Indicates decreased; ≈: Indicates no change; MI: Myocardial infarction; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV: Left ventricular end-systolic volume; QoL: Quality of life; CSCs: Cardiac stem cells; CABG: Coronary artery by-pass graft; CDCs: Cardiosphere-derived cells; LVEDV: Left ventricular end-systolic volume.