Mesenchymal stem cells mediate the temporal modulation of aging-related changes

Table 1 Key mechanisms underlying the long-term effects of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy on aging acceleration

Physiological process	Cell-mediated mechanism(s)	Short-term and long-term effects
Resource depletion and structural damage	Primarily cellular microenvironment-mediated mechanisms (extracellular matrix and cellular glycocalyx)	Short-term: Visible
		Long-term: Altered non-functional tissue maturation
Disrupting the balance between positive and negative physiological feedback mechanisms	Extremely specific stimulation through the secretion of targeted molecular complexes and extracellular vesicles	Short-term: Primarily not visible
		Long-term: Reducing reparation abilities
Formation of closed positive feedback loops (also known as vicious cycles)	Induction of a chain reaction of metabolic secretion, such as inflammaging	Short-term: Not visible, but rather anti-inflammation effects
		Long-term: Systemic physiological effects related to accelerated aging