Extracellular vesicles derived from human amniotic fluid stem cells improve bladder dysfunction in rat model of diabetic atherosclerosis

Table 1 General characteristics and fasting serum parameters, mean ± SD

Parameter	4 weeks				12 weeks
	Normal	DM	DMA	DMA + hAFSC-EVs	Normal	DM	DMA	DMA + hAFSC-EVs
Body weight (initial; gm)	255.30 ± 28.04	248.40 ± 7.38	256.79 ± 23.59	235.52 ± 7.95	256.73 ± 20.53	256.99 ± 10.66	257.90 ± 15.08	246.40 ± 9.52
Body weight (final; gm)	360.98 ± 20.36	335.24 ± 46.20	400.47 ± 49.36	338.70 ± 8.06	383.88 ± 37.12	361.81 ± 61.66	384.80 ± 9.62	350.90 ± 11.03
Bladder weight (mg)	128.75 ± 13.15	176.25 ± 14.93a	185.80 ± 30.01a	131.25 ± 25.29c	112.50 ± 22.17	183.13 ± 28.78a	214.38 ± 41.18a	193.60 ± 29.41a
Glucose (initial; mg/dL)	94.33 ± 7.97	93.38 ± 9.35	98.38 ± 15.30	115.00 ± 15.48	94.14 ± 8.43	93.20 ± 19.76	98.62 ± 13.62	102.40 ± 9.50
Glucose (final; mg/dL)	147.40 ± 22.63	328.71 ± 72.18a	391.67 ± 50.87a	223.80 ± 63.06b,c	135.33 ± 9.03	282.75 ± 46.25a	281.08 ± 64.84a	298.50 ± 80.98a
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	88.25 ± 7.27	91.40 ± 7.73	99.00 ± 13.00	78.60 ± 19.11	78.00 ± 7.91	97.33 ± 10.41	91.09 ± 16.45	73.40 ± 14.55
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	64.00 ± 14.14	157.50 ± 15.00a	161.50 ± 16.26a	132.00 ± 12.29a	59.00 ± 12.41	162.50 ± 27.00a	157.25 ± 4.03a	145.60 ± 22.35a
HDL-C (mg/dL)	34.33 ± 2.07	24.83 ± 5.64a	24.83 ± 4.67a	26.83 ± 2.48a	30.00 ± 3.83	27.86 ± 3.85	27.10 ± 3.60	25.20 ± 3.70
LDL-C (mg/dL)	5.33 ± 0.58	4.60 ± 0.89	5.67 ± 1.21	5.00 ± 1.15	4.20 ± 0.45	4.33 ± 0.52	5.11 ± 1.17	3.75 ± 1.26
Insulin (μU/mL)	7.33 ± 0.22	7.49 ± 0.76	7.65 ± 0.88	7.19 ± 0.27	7.09 ± 0.18	7.38 ± 0.93	7.79 ± 0.97	7.83 ± 0.51
HOMA-IR	2.51 ± 0.20	5.84 ± 0.77a	7.09 ± 1.25a	4.92 ± 1.79a	2.11 ± 0.49	5.73 ± 0.82a	6.32 ± 0.60a	6.20 ± 1.80a
HOMA-β	35.94 ± 7.96	10.90 ± 2.52a	9.02 ± 1.86a	16.18 ± 7.18a	35.89 ± 2.07	12.38 ± 2.58a	12.17 ± 4.83a	12.39 ± 5.48a

^aP < 0.05 vs normal control (4 weeks and 12 weeks).

^bP < 0.05 vs diabetes mellitus (4 weeks and 12 weeks).

^cP < 0.05 vs diabetic atherosclerosis (4 weeks and 12 weeks).

DM: Diabetes mellitus; DMA: Diabetic atherosclerosis; hAFSC-EVs: Human amniotic fluid stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; HOMA-β: Homeostasis model assessment-β.