Long-term follow-up of autologous nasal epithelial stem cell transplantation for congenital olfactory disorders in children

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants, n (%)

Characteristic	Value
Total patients, n	50
Age, mean ± SD (range), years	8.7 ± 3.2 (3-15)
Sex
Male	28 (56)
Female	22 (44)
Diagnosis
Congenital anosmia	32 (64)
Severe congenital hyposmia	15 (30)
Kallmann syndrome	3 (6)
Genetic mutations identified	18 (36)
Baseline composite olfactory score, mean ± SD	8.3 ± 4.7

Table 2 Changes in olfactory function components over 3-year follow-up, mean ± SD

Component	Baseline	3-year follow-up	P value
Odor threshold	1.2 ± 0.8	6.8 ± 2.3	< 0.001
Odor discrimination	3.1 ± 1.5	10.4 ± 3.1	< 0.001
Odor identification	4.0 ± 2.4	35.4 ± 13.5	< 0.001